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do not capture the tradeoffs people make to hold down their housing costs. For example, these figures exclude people who live in crowded or structurally inadequate housing units, some 2.5 million households in 2010. They also exclude the growing number of households that move to locations distant from work where they can afford to pay for housing, but must spend more for transportation to work. Among households in the lowest expenditure quartile, those living in affordable housing spend an average of $100 more on transportation per month in 2010 than those who are severely housing cost -burdened. With total average monthly outlays of only $1,000, these extra travel costs amount to 10 percent of the entire household budget. Demographic trends in housing preference The demographic changes likely to affect the housing market and homeownership are: • Immigrants and their descendants, who are a faster growing group than other households in the U.S. • The aging of the baby boomers, the oldest of whom are in their late - 60's in 2012. • Housing choices of younger baby boomers, who are in their late 40's and early 50's in 2010 • The children of baby boomers, called the echo boomers, who range from their late teens to late twenties in 201221 According to the Joint Center for Housing Studies, immigration will play a key role in accelerating household growth over the next 10 years. About 40% of the fall-off in household growth between 2007 and 2011 was due to a drop in immigration (Figure 11). Immigrants have traditionally comprised a growing share of young adults and children in the United States, but the number of foreign -born households under the age of 35 decreased by 338,400 between March 2007 and March 2009, compared to just 2,100 native-born households. The difficulty in assessing immigration during a recession results in an unclear picture of future housing demand. Deportations, emigration, and a weak US economy have all contributed to lower household formation among foreign -born non -citizens. 21 Urban Land Institute, "2011 Emerging Trends in Real Estate' Page 46 ECONorthwest Part 11 — Eugene Housing Needs Analysis