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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCC Minutes - 03/05/01 Work Session MINUTES Eugene City Council Work Session McNutt Room--City Hall March 5, 2001 5:30 p.m. COUNCILORS PRESENT: Betty Taylor, David Kelly, Scott Meisner, Nancy Nathanson, Pat Farr, Gary Rayor, Gary Pap~, Bonny Bettman. CITY COUNCIL WORK SESSION A. ITEMS FROM MAYOR, COUNCIL, AND CITY MANAGER Mr. Kelly had no items. Mr. Fart said he read Mr. Rayor's opinion piece regarding the WISTEC situation in The Register-Guard earlier that day, and commended him for its contents. Ms. Nathanson had no items. Mr. Rayor said that LTD canceled Crest Drive Route 22 and he intended to discuss the cancellation with LTD staff. Mr. Meisner also thanked Mr. Rayor for his opinion piece and presented no other items. Ms. Taylor asked why there was a minimum fee for garbage collections. City Manager Jim Johnson indicated he would have staff respond to the question. Ms. Taylor wanted the council to begin to think about participating in the Eugene Celebration Parade as a group. There was general consensus to participate as a council in the parade. Ms. Taylor said she was interested in having the council officers participate in agenda setting. She thought some recent agendas contained too many items, some quite controversial, and important items at the end of the agenda did not get the attention they deserved. Mr. Fart believed all councilors should be involved in setting council agendas, but indicated satisfaction with the ways things were. Mr. Johnson announced that Officer Jay Shadwick, recently wounded in a SWAT response-related incident, had returned home from the hospital and was doing well. Mayor Torrey had no items. MINUTES--Eugene City Council March 5, 2001 Page 1 Work Session B. WORK SESSION: REVIEW DESIGN OF PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS TO DELTA HIGHWAY DESIGN FROM GREENACRES ROAD TO AYRES ROAD City Engineer Les Lyle joined the council for the item. He reminded the council that it had directed staff to return with the design for improvements to Delta Highway from Greenacres Road to Ayres Road in December 1998. Mr. Lyle reviewed the recommended design, which addressed the west and east sides of the street differently. On the east side of the street, staff was proposing to construct the street to an urban standard that included curbs, gutters, sidewalk, and an on-street bike lane. Medians would be included to provide pedestrian refuge and landscaping. On the west side, the City would construct the street to a more typical rural standard that included shoulders, roadside drainage, and an on-street bicycle lane. Street lights, and street trees will be included on both sides of the improvement. Mr. Lyle said that the element of the project that received the most public attention was at the intersection of Ayres Road and Delta Highway, which was heavily used by both Wildish Sand and Gravel and Eugene Sand and Gravel and the residents of this rapidly developing area. Residents were concerned about the speed of the truck traffic on Delta Highway, and specifically potential conflicts at this intersection. Staff discussed how to control traffic speeds with the public, and initially recommended a traffic calming approach which was not supported. Over time, staff proposed a variety of options which has resulted in the present combination of the medians and "chicanes," which cause the vehicles to move out of direction. The City was designing those chicanes to accommodate both truck and automobile traffic with a goal to keep traffic at a manageable speed. He noted the posted speed limit for the corridor was 45 miles per hour, and staff recommended advisory speed limits at the intersection be posted at 35 miles per hour. Mr. Pap6 arrived at the meeting. Mr. Lyle noted refinements made to the design after consultation with Mr. Rayor and Mr. Pap6 following the council's goal setting session on March 3. Mr. Lyle briefly reviewed recommended improvements to Ayres Road. Mr. Lyle reported continuing concern by the sand and gravel companies with the design because of the proposed chicane, and the potential that the larger dump trucks with a "pup" trailer would track into the bicycle shoulder. The gravel companies would like to see the chicane straightened out; at this point, Mr. Lyle did not concur with that approach, and believed the recommendation both represented a reasonable compromise and was consistent with discussions with his Mr. Pap6 and Mr. Rayor. Mr. Lyle also reported that the owners of the River Ridge Golf Course would like to see the medians completely removed and the aligmnent straightened. Staff did not support that approach. Regarding the issue of assessments for the improvement, Mr. Lyle reported that the existing road bed was adequate for existing uses but it would need augmentation for future demands. Staff proposed to include additional pavement thickness in the project but it did not propose to assess but rather would be paid for by systems development charges because of the relationship of the augmentation to growth. Mr. Lyle said the MINUTES--Eugene City Council March 5, 2001 Page 2 Work Session remainder of the project would generally not be assessed. He clarified that he did not propose to assess the properties in the Delta Pines subdivision because double frontage situations required an irrevokable petition to be on file, and those properties had deed restrictions that precluded them from taking access Delta Highway. The third property on the east side of the street was Lakeridge, a manufactured home development. During the development process, curbs, gutters, and a portion of the sidewalk system were constructed; staff proposed that only the sidewalk gap be assessed, and the property owner be given the option of completing the system. Only the commercial properties on the east side of the highway would be assessed. Because there were no curbs, gutters, or sidewalks planned for the west side, staff did not recommend those properties be assessed. Mr. Lyle suggested the council discuss whether it wanted to have a public hearing on the design or await the public hearing on the formation of the local improvement district (LID). Mr. Lyle invited questions and comments from the council. Mr. Kelly said that the staffhad done a good job in applying the new assessment policy in a rather unique situation. Regarding the issue of traffic calming, he termed it vital given the amount of truck traffic on the roads, and suggested that the recommendation was somewhat of a balancing act between the needs of the gravel companies and the needs of the residents. He said it appeared staff had reached a middle ground. He would be opposed to any overall straightening of the road and trusted staff to determine whether it worked for a certain sized truck. Mr. Kelly said he would have preferred to have seen an off-street bicycle path but acknowledged the competing interests involved. Mr. Kelly determined from Mr. Lyle there would be a public hearing regarding the LID formation. Mr. Lyle said the process for this project was somewhat unusual as staff did not usually seek council approval of a street design. That usually occurred at the Hearings Official public hearing regarding formation of the LID. The council could, however, choose to hold a hearing on the design, as there is no policy prohibiting such a hearing. Mr. Kelly indicated he did not have a strong feeling on the topic of the public hearing. Ms. Taylor advocated for a public hearing. She recollected concern about the project expressed by the residents living nearby. Mr. Lyle noted that a large share of the concern was focused on assessments and was not proposing to assess any of the properties outside the urban growth boundary that had expressed concern about the project, including Eugene Sand & Gravel, River Ridge Golf Course, and also was not proposing to assess the residents of Delta Pines subdivision. Ms. Taylor observed that Eugene Sand & Gravel and Wildish Sand and Gravel would benefit from the road improvement project but would not pay for it. Mr. Lyle confirmed that neither company would be assessed due to their location outside the UGB and because of the approach the City took to the design. Ms. Taylor generally approved of the construction of off-street bicycle paths but acknowledged they might not be possible in this case. Responding to a question from Ms. Nathanson regarding the nature of the concerns expressed by the owners of River Ridge Golf Course, Mr. Lyle said that the property owner was concerned with the traffic calming proposal at Delta Highway and Ayres Road. The property owner would prefer that no medians be constructed and that the aligmnent be straightened; the owner did not believe the medians were safe or effective. Mr. Lyle MINUTES--Eugene City Council March 5, 2001 Page 3 Work Session said he did not anticipate an impact of the traffic calming on the customers of the golf course; the concerns expressed by the owner was more focused in general on safety because of an accident on Barger Drive involving a median. He confirmed, in response to a follow-up question from Ms. Nathanson, that there was no evidence the medians were unsafe, or that the benefits of medians did not outweigh potential problems. He added the City kept up with the evolution of median design standards. Ms. Nathanson asked why staff previously characterized the situation as unique; was it due to the mixing of industrial and residential traffic? Mr. Lyle said that was true to some degree. He said that the most unique characteristic of the project was that the urban growth boundary was on the west side of the right-of-way. Ms. Nathanson asked how a large City fire truck using the road compared to the typical truck traffic using the roads. Mr. Lyle believed an average fire truck would be similar to a typical dump truck. However, dump trucks with "pup" trailers reached a length of 80 feet. He believed Lane Transit District buses were shorter than such trucks. He said Eugene Sand & Gravel used the longer trucks to carry materials from the excavation pits to the plant. Staff was designing the chicane for the 80-feet truck-pup. Ms. Nathanson determined from Mr. Lyle that the Lane Transit District should have no objections to the street design. Ms. Bettman determined from Mr. Lyle that the section of Ayres Road to Greenhilll Road was a major collector with a speed limit of 45. Ms. Bettman asked if staff considered using chicanes along that section of the road. Mr. Lyle said staff looked at the concept but it would require substantial alterations to the alignment and reductions in speed along the roadway that would be inconsistent with the posted speed. Reducing the speed would require an application to the State with justification of the lower speed. Ms. Bettman clarified she was not suggesting a lower speed; she thought the street configuration would encourage a higher speed limit. Ms. Bettman clarified that Mr. Lyle proposed the use of systems development charges to underwrite the project costs because the project would accommodate future growth. Mr. Lyle said yes. He agreed with a statement from Ms. Bettman that the existing demand was partially generated by the intensity of uses outside the urban growth boundary. Ms. Bettman said that there were other street projects competing for the systems development charge funds. While she appreciated that the project was somewhat of an anomaly, she thought it was necessitated by uses outside the boundary, and it appeared the City was going out of its way to accommodate those uses, and there was an inequity. Ms. Bettman said it should alert the council to the pitfalls of creating a situation where intense uses existed outside the boundary. Mr. Papd asked how difficult it was to change the speed on a State highway. Gary McNeel of the Public Works Department characterized it as a complex process, requiring application to a State board and a speed study. He said it was possible a speed change could be secured. Mr. Lyle did not think Eugene Sand & Gravel objected to a speed limit of 35 miles per hour. He said staff was proposing to install advisory speed limits along either side of the Ayres Road intersection, acknowledging they were not enforceable if exceeded. The posted speed limit will still be 45 miles per hour. Mr. Papd raised the issue of bicycle safety on the west side of Ayres Road near the chicane, and asked if it was possible to move the bicycle path over several yards to avoid conflicts between bicyclists and truck-trailers. Mr. Lyle said staff could explore the idea. It would likely require the purchase of additional right-of-way. He said staff had not explored that acquisition at this point. MINUTES--Eugene City Council March 5, 2001 Page 4 Work Session Mr. Papd expressed concern there would be more swaying of big trucks passing through a wavy section of road than a straight stretch, endangering cyclists also passing through the area. Mr. Meisner said generally, staff did a great job of addressing safety and calming needs in a very difficult area. He said that he largely concurred with the staff recommendation regarding who was assessed, although he shared Ms. Bettman's concern about inequity of the situation given the properties benefitting outside the urban growth boundary. Mr. Meisner also shared Mr. Papa's concerns about conflicts between bicyclists and truck- trailer traffic at the location of the chicanes. He believed trucks would ignore the bicycle lane striping and drift into the bicycle lane to go straight. Mr. Meisner questioned whether an off-street path might not be more appropriate. Mr. Meisner said the uses in the area outside the urban growth boundary were more intensive than the farming uses that previously existed, and questioned what Eugene would do when that development became even more intense, resulting in demand for a boundary expansion. Mr. Lyle anticipated that if the boundary were to expand and more intensive uses developed, Public Works Department staff would return to the council at some time in the future with a request for a LID for the completion of the street system (by the addition of curbs, gutters, and sidewalks on the east side). Responding to a question from Mr. Meisner regarding the impact of future road connections in the area in question, Mr. Lyle said that Lane County indicated the project design was compatible with future planned improvements at the interchange with Beltline, and had indicated interest in funding the City's construction of an overlay over the Beltline. Mr. Lyle confirmed the project could accommodate the traffic that would come from Ayres Road down Delta Highway out Division Avenue, and vice versa. Mr. Rayor recalled an earlier version of the project design included a pedestrian refuge on the medians. Mr. Lyle said that it was still planned, but had been accidentally omitted from the drawing. Mr. Rayor stressed the importance of bicycle and pedestrian connections in this area. Mr. Lyle pointed out two proposed refuge locations on the proposed design. Responding to a question from Mr. Rayor, Mr. Lyle confirmed that the City would have assessed property owners on the east side if the pavement needed to be completely removed and replaced. Mr. Rayor observed that seemed somewhat arbitrary. Mr. Rayor thought staff did a good design job to foster safety with the proposed traffic calming approach. He said that once Ayres Road was improved more people would start using it, and trucks would be able to go through the intersection at high rates of speed. He believed the design had done a great deal to avoid that situation. Mr. Fart said the chicanes were designed to slow traffic down, but it his experience was that people using roads with such facilities tended to "straighten the road out" by driving into the bicycle lanes. He asked how it was safer for people driving in typical automobiles to use such facilities because they made them drive into the bicycle lane. Mr. Lyle did not anticipate that would occur for general vehicular traffic because the curve was so long and the lane width wide. He said that it was illegal for motorists to use the bicycle lanes, and the City would use buttons or raised striping to make that use uncomfortable for motorists. MINUTES--Eugene City Council March 5, 2001 Page 5 Work Session Mr. Fart said that people do drive in the bicycle paths to avoid the chicanes. He was concerned that, under the auspices of safety, the City was making it more hazardous for citizens to ride a bicycle. Mr. Lyle said the City struggled with the issue all the time; it was trying to manage traffic at the "front end" while improving the street, but the reality was the City was trying to include bicycle lanes in its road facilities, and in the absence of an absolute barrier, people would try to cut comers. Mr. Farr said that as a parent, he would prefer his children ride on a straight bicycle path rather than a path along a chicane. Mayor Torrey said he hoped a councilor would make a motion to amend the staff recommendation by deleting the chicanes for the reasons mentioned by Mr. Farr. He said children develop a level of confidence riding on bicycle paths and would not be concerned about what was coming behind them. Mayor Torrey asked if staff met with the owners of the golf course to discuss the project. Mr. Lyle said yes, as well as with many other private property owners in the area Ms. Bettman said she would like to hold a public hearing on the design and hear from the public about its concerns. Ms. Bettman believed that the council would have more such discussions as the City tried to accommodate alternate modes and traffic calming in its road designs. She said that in the absence of visual clues not to, people go faster, and the slight curves included in the design intended to slow traffic could pose a greater risk when people drive into the bicycle lanes at high speeds. Ms. Bettman thought the concerns raised by Mr. Farr were legitimate. She asked if all efforts to build an off-street bicycle path had been exhausted, and suggested that the City could acquire additional right-of-way in the areas identified as the most dangerous, and perhaps the businesses not being assessed would be willing to donate money for the path. She asked staff to explore that possibility. Responding to a question from Ms. Bettman, Mr. Lyle confirmed that the stormwater on the County side of the road would run off onto the County side of the road. Mr. Kelly said an off-street bicycle path, if only in the area of the chicane, might be preferable. However, he believed there was a tradeoff. As a motorist, he saw motorists "straightening the roadway," but only if the bicycle path was unoccupied. If the chicane was not installed, there would definitely be higher speeds, contributing to overall safety problems. He said there was no ideal solution, but thought an attempt to reduce the overall speed the best approach. Mr. Kelly referred to the traditional order of the planting strip, bicycle path, sidewalk, and traffic lane, and suggested that the curb could be located on the street side of the bicycle lane, and the bicycle lane raised to the same elevation as the sidewalk and planting strip. David Reinhard of the Public Works Department said that such paths could be accommodated on a street with few driveways or curb cuts. However, such paths on streets with many curbcuts and driveways created problems in terms of motorists' expectation of how bicyclists using the path would behave. He said that staff could explore that possibility for the improvement in question. Ms. Nathanson questioned the purpose of a public hearing, asking if the City was committed to the design or would use the hearing to make adjustments to the design. Mr. Lyle anticipated that the hearing would be on MINUTES--Eugene City Council March 5, 2001 Page 6 Work Session the design and that people would likely propose changes it had not resolved beforehand. He added that staff felt the design was reasonable and appropriate. Ms. Nathanson questioned whether there was a way the council could protect all the interests involved, and was particularly concerned in safety issues. If what slowed traffic could be lethal for bicyclists, she was concerned, and did not want to expose people to unwarranted risks. She did not share Mr. Kelly's belief that motorists would necessarily respect the bicyclists, noting that on her collector street there was curves that prevented motorists from seeing the bicyclists in the bicycle lane, which could lead to serious conflicts. Ms. Nathanson believed that slowing traffic was not only a matter of the actual width of a street, but the perceived width as well, and when vertical structures were located near the roadway it appeared to be more narrow. She asked about the character of the area, and if the roadway could be made to appear narrower than it was. Mr. Lyle responded that the aligmnent was designed in a way that was intended to compel people to slow down by eliminating an absolute line of sight. The medians will be landscaped. He said the design was an attempt to accommodate the 80-foot long trucks that used the road, but most vehicles will be average sized. He did not anticipate automobiles would crowd the bicycle path. Mr. Lyle felt the potential of encroachment by truck-trailers was addressed by the extra width in the path. Responding to a question from Mr. Rayor, Mr. Lyle said that curbing along the path and street could be examined, but there was a related maintenance issue regarding sweeping. Mr. Rayor offered as an example of his suggestion 13th Avenue between Alder and Kincaid streets. Mr. Lyle indicated staff would examine that technique. Ms. Taylor, seconded by Mr. Kelly, moved to approve the design as submitted along with the recommendation regarding the proposed assessments. Mr. Farr, seconded by Mr. Papd, moved to amend the motion by removing the chicanes near the intersection of Ayres Road and North Delta Highway. Mr. Farr spoke in support of his motion by saying the highway was not a completely straight highway and he did not think the chicanes were needed. He said that automobiles will tend to travel at the speed limit and "straighten out the highway" rather than slow down. He thought bicyclists would also naturally tend to "straighten the highway" and stray into the automobile lanes. Mr. Kelly could not support the amendment and suggested the following text as a substitute, noting it included an additional sentence to the original motion: To approve the design as submitted along with the recommendation regarding the proposed assessments. However, staff should redxamine alternatives for bicycle travel in the chicane area. Mr. Farr and Mr. Papd accepted Mr. Kelly's suggestion as a substitute to the amendment. Mr. Farr said he assumed the reexamination of bicycle traffic would include reexamination of the necessity of the chicane. Mr. Lyle said that staff would look at that but would focus on the other techniques suggested in discussion first. MINUTES--Eugene City Council March 5, 2001 Page 7 Work Session Ms. Taylor indicated she would vote against the amendment because she thought a public hearing was needed before the council approved the final design. The amendment to the motion passed, 7:1; Ms. Taylor voting no. Ms. Taylor, seconded by Mr. Fart, moved to amend the motion by having a public hearing before the design was approved. Mr. Pap~ asked how many hearings on the design of Ayres Road had been held. Mr Lyle said that since 1996, several meetings had been held about the design of Ayres Road as well as meetings regarding the Delta Highway design. All affected property owners were notified of those meetings. Mr. Pap~ questioned the need for a public hearing given the input that had occurred before. Mr. Meisner agreed. He thought the input that occurred exceeded the input for most projects. Mr. Rayor did not support the amendment because of the many input sessions already held, and because the staff recommendation recognized the balance between competing goals. Mr. Kelly agreed with Mr. Pap~, Mr. Meisner, and Mr. Rayor, for the reasons previously cited. He said that staff had been working extensively with the parties involved. He said if the council planned to approve the design with no changes he might agree, but the amendment to the motion persuaded him otherwise. Responding to a question from Ms. Bettman, Mr. Lyle recommended any additional public hearing be focused on design as the subject of finance could be addressed at the public hearing regarding the formation of the LID. The council would also have an opportunity to comment on the LID. Responding to a question from Ms. Taylor, Mr. Lyle confirmed that the council's action did not represent final action on the design. Ms. Taylor hoped staff would seriously consider an off-street bicycle path. The motion to amend failed, 6:2; Mr. Fart and Ms. Taylor voting yes. The motion as amended passed unanimously, 8:0. MINUTES--Eugene City Council March 5, 2001 Page 8 Work Session C. WEST EUGENE PARKWAY Mr. Rayor, seconded by Mr. Fart, moved to remove the motion from the table. The vote on the motion was a 4:4 tie; Mr. Papd, Mr. Rayor, Ms. Nathanson, and Mr. Fart voting yes; Mr. Meisner, Ms. Taylor, Mr. Kelly, and Ms. Bettman voting no. Mayor Torrey cast a vote in support of the motion, and the final vote was 5:4. The motion taken offthe table was as follows: To recommend to the TransPlan adopting officials that WEP units IA and lB be included in the financially constrained project list in TransPlan, that WEP Units 2A and 2B be removed from the future project list in TransPlan, and that the City pursue the construction of Units IA and lB in conjunction with ODOT. Mr. Rayor, seconded by Ms. Nathanson, moved to recommend to the TransPlan adopting officials that WEP units IA and IB, rescoped as required to become a standalone project, be included in the financially constrained project list in TransPlan, that WEP Units 2A and 2B be removed from the future project list in TransPlan, and that the City pursue the construction of Units IA and IB in conjunction with ODOT. Before the recommendation is conveyed to the adopting officials, the council will identify projects to be deleted or moved to the future projects list, with the total cost to equal the cost of Unit lB, as rescoped. In addition, the descriptions of the draft TransPlan projects on West 11th Avenue (Greenhill to Beltline) and Beltline (north of West 11th Avenue) shall be revised to reflect the removal of Units 2A and 2B of the West Eugene Parkway. Mr. Kelly said he voted against the motion to bring the motion off the table due to concerns about time constraints facing the council that evening. Ms. Bettman concurred. She referred to Mr. Rayor's motion, which had wording changed from the previous motion, and asked if the wording change was substantive. City Attorney Jerome Lidz said the phrase "recommend to the TransPlan adopting officials" reflected the fact that the council could not take unilateral action on a project in TransPlan. He added that to be procedurally correct, Mr. Rayor's motion should be considered an amendment to the motion taken off the table. Mr. Rayor read the original motion and indicated the intent of his motion was to amend the motion taken off the table. Mr. Rayor and Ms. Nathanson indicated acceptance of the motion as an amendment to the motion. Mr. Farr suggested that the council was over-complicating a procedural issue and recommended the council allow Mr. Meisner to change his vote on the motion. He thanked Mr. Meisner for his courtesy in postponing reconsideration of the motion. MINUTES--Eugene City Council March 5, 2001 Page 9 Work Session Mr. Meisner said that the original motion did not allow any flexibility, and for that reason he had subsequently decided he opposed the motion. He did not find the amendment offerd by Mr. Rayor to be a great improvement over the original motion. Mr. Kelly recalled that at the February 20 meeting with the Board of County Commissioners and Lane Transit Board members, the council passed a motion directing staff to secure more information about the east half of the parkway as a standalone item. He asked if the motion as amended or in its original form could have the effect of overturning that motion. Mr. Lidz said no; the motion as stated would not have that effect. Ms. Nathanson said that Mr. Meisner had previously had mentioned his objections and she hoped that would be satisfied by an amended motion. She thought the concept of connectedness was implicit in the mention of recoding. She regretted what she considered interpretative problems and wished to ensure the record reflected the real intent of the amendment. She supported the amendment. Mr. Pap8 asked if the City had any idea about how ODOT might react to the amended motion. Karl Wieseke from ODOT indicated he was unable to provide a reaction at this time. Mr. Pap8 said he continued to believe the best way to proceed in view of the 1986 vote was to offer the issue back to the voters, one specific to the alignment and the other specific to project financing. Mayor Torrey hoped there was four votes in support of the amendment because he would vote to support it. He believed that ODOT would like to walk away from the parkway issue. He said that ODOT looked at the opportunity given it by the council as its ticket out of west Eugene. ODOT was prepared to look at several system enhancements in the area but were not prepared to deal with anything beyond that. He believed the City had a challenge facing it in persuading the State to hold the funds. The vote on the amendment was 4:4; Ms. Nathanson, Mr. Farr, Mr. PapS, Mr. Rayor voting yes; Mr. Meisner, Ms. Taylor, Mr. Kelly, and Ms. Bettman voting no. Mayor Torrey cast a vote in support of the amendment and the final vote was 5:4. The vote on the amended motion was 4:4; Ms. Nathanson, Mr. Farr, Mr. PapS, Mr. Rayor voting yes; Mr. Meisner, Ms. Taylor, Mr. Kelly, and Ms. Bettman voting no. Mayor Torrey cast a vote in support of the motion and the final vote was 5:4. D. EXECUTIVE SESSION Pursuant to Oregon Revised Statute 192.660(1)(e), Mayor Torrey convened an executive session of the Eugene City Council. Mayor Torrey called the council back into regular session. The meeting adjourned at 7:45 p.m. MINUTES--Eugene City Council March 5, 2001 Page 10 Work Session Respectfully submitted, James R. Johnson City Manager (Recorded by Kimberly Young) MINUTES--Eugene City Council March 5, 2001 Page 11 Work Session