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Item B: Community Climate and Energy Action Plan Update
ECC UGENE ITY OUNCIL AIS GENDA TEM UMMARY Work Session: Eugene Community Climate and Energy Action Plan – Update Meeting Date: September 15, 2010 Agenda Item Number: B Department: City Manager’s office Staff Contact: Matt McRae www.eugene-or.gov Contact Telephone Number: 541-682-5864 ISSUE STATEMENT In early 2009, the council directed creation of a Community Climate and Energy Action Plan (CEAP) to address climate change and energy volatility. The plan is complete, and this work session provides an opportunity to discuss adoption and next steps for implementation. BACKGROUND The council has adopted several recommendations made by the Sustainability Commission, with two recommendations combined into a single planning effort: A. Develop a community climate action plan that will: (1) set a carbon emissions reduction goal and establish targets for achieving that goal; (2) identify strategies to achieve those targets; (3) identify necessary adaptations; (4) develop measures for tracking success; and, (5) include periodic progress reports back to the community with annual reports of progress to the Sustainability Commission. B. Develop a community action plan that aims to reduce total, current, community-wide fossil fuel consumption 50 percent by 2030 (as an absolute, not a per capita reduction) by: (1) establishing targets for achieving that goal; (2) identifying strategies to achieve those targets; (3) identifying necessary adaptations; (4) developing measures for tracking success; (5) identifying financial impacts; and, (6) including periodic progress reports back to the community with annual reports of progress to the Sustainability Commission. Staffing and other resources were identified to lead and support the project. An ad hoc community advisory team was formed in June 2009, to support successful planning and public outreach. Seven public forums were held between September 2009, and March 2010, to aid in plan development. During this process, more than 70 topic specialists and 500 community members provided input. Through this process of engagement with partners and the community, a broad set of potential actions has been honed down to those that are believed to be the most effective in meeting the City’s targets for fossil fuel reductions, greenhouse gas emissions reductions, and climate adaptation. Staff from the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) also participated in this process. As the lead agency for the State’s climate action policy, DEQ was represented in the community forums and provided feedback and guidance on the actions and targets contained in the plan. Z:\CMO\2010 Council Agendas\M100915\S100915B.doc The emission reduction targets contained in the plan reflect the most current methodology for measuring sources of emissions (i.e. emissions inventory) and are designed to: 1)Meet the corresponding proposed State emission reduction targets. 2)Meet the City’s goal for reduced fossil fuel consumption. Since the council work session discussing the draft CEAP in May 2010, staff met with more than a dozen community partners to share the draft plan, incorporated input from those discussions, and researched relative costs and benefits of actions. Highlighted changes to draft: Added recommendation: Establish a permitted facility within Eugene/Springfield area that can accept and compost (or anaerobically digest) all organic materials, including food wastes. Added recommendation: Assess and reduce barriers to solar energy use and balance priorities for solar access. Revised targets: Proposed Oregon greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions targets are incorporated. In keeping with the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) framework, this plan addresses economic and social impacts in addition to environmental concerns. Some examples include: Provide for building efficiency retrofits for low-income populations. Diversify funding for the Lane Transit District (LTD) – to provide vulnerable populations with transportation options now and as fuel prices increase. Mitigate impacts of climate change and rising energy prices to bolster resilience of our local economy. In creating an implementation plan, staff will give priority to those action items that: 1) have potential for significant emissions reduction; 2) have a demonstrated high level of community support; 3) are relatively easy or straightforward to implement; 4) are time sensitive; 5) have high leverage opportunity (with partners, grant funding, etc.) or, 6) are candidates for early success and likely to inspire additional investments and support. RELATED CITY POLICIES On February 28, 2000, the council adopted Resolution No. 4618, which outlines a definition and statement of intent regarding the application of sustainability principles to the City of Eugene, and affirms the commitment of City elected officials and staff to uphold these principles. In November 2006, Resolution No. 4893 was adopted, committing the City to sustainable practices and to businesses that produce sustainable products and services. In October 2008, the council adopted the recommendation from the Sustainability Commission that all City-owned facilities and City operations be “carbon neutral” by 2020. COUNCIL OPTIONS The City Council has the following options: 1.Direct the City Manager to implement actions that support the Community Climate and Energy Action Plan goals and objectives, subject to best practices, resources, collaboration with community partners, and approval by council of future policy changes. 2.Direct the City Manager to revise the plan or expand the planning process. 3.Take no action. Z:\CMO\2010 Council Agendas\M100915\S100915B.doc CITY MANAGER’S RECOMMENDATION The City Manager recommends Option 1. SUGGESTED MOTION Move to adopt the Climate and Energy Action Plan. ATTACHMENTS A.Community Climate and Energy Action Plan FOR MORE INFORMATION Staff Contact: Matt McRae, Climate and Energy Action Coordinator Telephone: 541-682-5864 Staff E-Mail: matt.a.mcrae@ci.eugene.or.us Z:\CMO\2010 Council Agendas\M100915\S100915B.doc ß Ý±³³«²·¬§ Ý´·³¿¬» ¿²¼ Û²»®¹§ ß½¬·±² д¿² º±® Û«¹»²» é×ÌÈ×ÏÚ×Ê Ý±²¬»²¬ ÷Ä×ÙÇÈÓÆ× éÇÏÏÛÊà öÊÍÏ ÈÔ× ïÛÃÍÊ ù÷ûì èÓÏ×ÐÓÎ× ÛÎØ õÍÛÐÉ ùÔÛÌÈ×Ê óÎÈÊÍØÇÙÈÓÍÎ ùÔÛÌÈ×Ê úÇÓÐØÓÎÕÉ ÛÎØ ÷Î×ÊÕà ùÔÛÌÈ×Ê öÍÍØ ÛÎØ ûÕÊÓÙÇÐÈÇÊ× ùÔÛÌÈ×Ê ðÛÎØ çÉ× ÛÎØ èÊÛÎÉÌÍÊÈÛÈÓÍÎ ùÔÛÌÈ×Ê ùÍÎÉÇÏÌÈÓÍÎ ÛÎØ åÛÉÈ× ùÔÛÌÈ×Ê ô×ÛÐÈÔ ÛÎØ éÍÙÓÛÐ é×ÊÆÓÙ×É ùÔÛÌÈ×Ê çÊÚÛÎ îÛÈÇÊÛÐ ê×ÉÍÇÊÙ×É ß°°»²¼·½» ûÌÌ×ÎØÓÄ ùÍÏÌÓÐ×Ø ìÊÓÍÊÓÈà ûÙÈÓÍÎ óÈ×ÏÉ ûÌÌ×ÎØÓÄ õÐÍÉÉÛÊà ûÌÌ×ÎØÓÄ ðÓÉÈ ÍÖ èÍÌÓÙ éÌ×ÙÓÛÐÓÉÈÉ ûÌÌ×ÎØÓÄ ùÓÈà ÍÖ ÷ÇÕ×Î× óÎÈ×ÊÎÛÐ ùÐÓÏÛÈ× ûÙÈÓÍÎ ìÐÛÎ ûÌÌ×ÎØÓÄ ù÷ûì ô×ÛÐÈÔ óÏÌÛÙÈ ûÉÉ×ÉÉÏ×ÎÈ ûÌÌ×ÎØÓÄ úÓÚÐÓÍÕÊÛÌÔà ûÌÌ×ÎØÓÄ ï×ÈÊÍ õÊ××ÎÔÍÇÉ× õÛÉ óÎÆ×ÎÈÍÊà ûÌÌ×ÎØÓÄ ùÓÈà ÍÖ ÷ÇÕ×Î× ùÍÏÏÇÎÓÈà õôõ óÎÆ×ÎÈÍÊà ûÌÌ×ÎØÓÄ ìÍÐÓÙà úÛÙÑÕÊÍÇÎØ ûÌÌ×ÎØÓÄ ûÊÙÔÓÈ×ÙÈÇÊ× èÛÊÕ×ÈÉ ûÌÌ×ÎØÓÄ × ê×ÆÓ×ÅÉ Û¨»½«¬·ª» Í«³³¿®§ èÔ× 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óèãíöçõ÷î÷îè÷êîûððóïûè÷ùèóíîðûî CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN City of Eugene Internal Climate Action Plan for City Operations Table of Contents 1.Acknowledgements 2.Executive Summary 3.Introduction a.Climate Change and a Plan for Action b.Summary – 2005 Internal GHG Emissions Inventory 4.Adaptation to Climate Change 5.Reduction Goals a.Scope 1 and 2 Operational Emissions b.Fossil Fuel Emissions 6.Implementation Plan--2009 to 2020 a.Overview i.Methodology ii.Assumptions and Uncertainty b.Operational Emissions Reductions by Timeframe—Scope 1 and 2 i.Before inventory—Pre-2005 ii.2005-2009 –after inventory iii.Plan to 2012 iv.Plan to 2016 v.Plan to 2020 vi.Scope 3 and other Concepts 1 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN c.Emissions Reductions by Strategy i.Review of Strategies d.Funding the Operational Goal e.Offsets to reach Net-Zero Goal f.Plan Progress Review 7.Conclusion 8.Appendices a.Links to related documents b.List of staff suggestions for actions 2 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN Acknowledgements Members of the Internal Climate Action Planning Team Matt Rodrigues, Phase 1 project manager, Civil Engineer, Public Works Engineering Lynne Eichner-Kelley, Phase 2 project manager, Sustainable Operations Analyst, Facility Management Felicity Fahy, Sustainability Manager (former), City Manager’s Office Rich Fay, Aquatics Manager, Library Recreation and Cultural Services Jeff Narin, Logistics Manager, Fire Keith Nicolson, Fleet/Radio Technical Supervisor, Public Works Maintenance Sharon Olson, Technical Services Analyst, Wastewater Rick Siel, Advanced Professional, Police Ron Sutton, Operation and Maintenance Manager, Facility Management Special Thanks to: Kandy Hanes, Fleet Services, Public Works Maintenance Denise Villanova, Fleet Services, Public Works Maintenance Lindsay Selser, Transportation Team, Public Works Engineering Gavin Carpenter, Sequential Biofuels 3 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN Executive Summary Climate change poses present and growing risks to Eugene. These fundamental changes to the climate have the potential to impact all facets of life in our community. Action to reduce operational emissions will reduce the future impact on our community, our local economy and the natural beauty of Eugene. Upon the recommendation of the City of Eugene Sustainability Commission, the City Council directed that all City-owned facilities and City operations be “carbon neutral”. This Action Plan presents steps which can be taken to help reach that goal the course of the next 10 years and prepare the organization to seize opportunities. This plan is intended to be the first in a series of action plans as we continually adjust to the changing realities of economics, technology, government policies and our ecosystems. The City of Eugene completed an inventory of operational greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in January 2009 and found that there has already been a decrease in operational GHG emissions between 2000 and 2005. This plan builds on those early successes. Figure 1 outlines projected emissions reductions from 2005 levels. Operational emissions are projected to reach pre-1990 levels, in keeping with the Kyoto Protocol just after 2016. Total forecasted reductions of the plan are 55% of 2005 emissions by 2020. Percent Reduction from 2005 Emissions Scope 1 and 2 Operational Emissions By Cumulative Timeframe before 2012 8% 8% by 2012 12% 20% by 2016 14% 34% by 2020 21% 55% Figure 1 Climate change is already affecting our lives in Eugene. In addition to reducing our emissions to prevent more dire consequences in the future, it is necessary to adapt to those changes that are happening now. There is another concern with the use of fossil fuel—that of future supply. Fossil fuel extraction may be at or near its peak and could soon begin to slow, causing higher prices and economic disruption. Included in this plan are fossil fuel use reductions that could be expected to result from full implementation. In order to form this plan, GHG reductions concepts were gathered from staff, departments and the ICAP (Internal Climate Action Plan) team. Estimates for ongoing savings (or costs) were calculated for 32 specific actions and prioritized into three timeframes; present to 2012, 2012 to 2016 and 2016 to 2020 based on availability of technology and funding. High level assumptions concerning the factors 4 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN outside our control were incorporated into the prioritization of actions. These actions form the basis for this Internal Climate Action Plan. The actions in the plan have been also categorized into three strategies; conservation, efficiency and renewables, to address different facets of emissions reduction. Underlying all three strategies is the need for comprehensive effort to shift the culture of the organization toward a common understanding of the issues, goals and strategies to achieve them. The vast majority of the actions identified in this plan would be expected to return operational savings to the organization. The exceptions are some of those actions which depend on renewable energy. Several of the actions for the near-term (2012) of the plan are co-funded by EECBG, City CIP and utility incentives. It is recommended that the organization consider financing for later term efforts (2016 and 2020), if other options are not available. Financing could allow immediate emissions reductions and eventual cost savings which may not occur without the initial investment. The purchase of GHG offsets will be needed to reach the final carbon neutral goal. The ICAP team determined that the purchase of offsets would be used only in the end-term (2020) of the Action Plan. The cost of offsets can be reduced by expanding our emissions reduction efforts. Expected 2020 Emissions after Annual Cost from 2020 forward to offset Operational Emissions Reductions remaining Emissions 4,005 metric tonnes CO2 $122,000 Successful implementation of the plan will require ongoing oversight. It is recommended that a staff member be assigned to coordinate overall progress on the Action Plan. Regular progress reviews are recommended in the form of updates to the inventory and review of progress on individual actions. The community looks to municipal leadership to show commitment and demonstrate workable strategies in GHG emissions reduction. Without significant action, the well-being of our community, in economic, personal and ecological terms, are all at risk. This Action Plan is the roadmap, an interactive and ongoing commitment to move toward the maximum possible emissions reductions, rather than a fixed set of instructions. Energy use and the resultant emissions are a part of almost every facet of modern life, and so changes will need to be made on every front. While there can be no guarantee that all of our assumptions will continue to hold true and thus any one specific action will come to pass, we can commit to pursuing continued and expanded emission reduction action. 5 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN Introduction a. Climate Change and a Plan for Action The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1989 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). In 2007 the IPCC published a report pointing to human activities as the primary contributor to climate change. Climate change poses present and growing risks to Eugene and the world from increasingly extreme weather events, changing precipitation patterns, shifts in plant and animal populations and, especially here in the hydro-dependent Northwest, increasing energy prices. These fundamental changes have the potential to impact all facets of life in our community, but there are many options to mitigate their effects. Planning to adapt to the impacts of existing climate change effects can help reduce near-term consequences. Action to reduce our emissions will reduce the future impact on our community, our local economy and the natural beauty of Eugene. Upon the recommendation of the City of Eugene Sustainability Commission, the City Council directed that all City-owned facilities and City operations be “carbon neutral” (i.e., reduce net carbon emissions to zero or, if that is not possible, cancel all remaining emissions through the funding of approved local offset mechanisms or the purchase of approved offsets) by 2020. This Action Plan presents steps which can be taken to help reach that goal. An inventory was completed in order to understand the source and quantity of our operational emissions and guide development of this plan. Based on the completed inventory, the Internal Climate Action Plan team worked over the course of eight months to gather, quantify and prioritize actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the daily operations of the City of Eugene. This plan outlines actions suggested for implementation over the course of the next 10 years. These actions are prioritized into three timeframes: near-term, (present to 2012), mid-term (2012 to 2016) and far-term (2016 to 2020) based primarily on our assumptions about the availability of technology and funding. The interim emissions reductions goals for each timeframe are based on the expected emissions reductions for that set of actions and the best assumptions we can make about other factors that may affect our progress. This plan is intended to guide continued climate action to reduce GHG emissions and fossil fuel use in our internal operations. It is also intended to help prepare the organization to seize opportunities, whether in funding or advancing technology, when they arise. Since no plan can foresee all eventualities in a rapidly changing world, the recommended actions included are not set in stone. This plan is intended to be the first in a series of action plans as we continually update and adjust to the changing realities of economics, technology, government policies and our ecosystems. This Internal Climate Action Plan outlines a set of workable strategies and demonstrates the commitment to climate action within city operations. Robust climate action at the operational level can 6 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN help the organization and the community, not simply cope with climate change but thrive in a changing world. Summary of the 2005 Internal GHG Emissions Inventory b. The City of Eugene completed an inventory of operational greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in January 2009. The inventory gathered data for the years 2000 and 2005, and estimated emissions totals for 1990 (Figure 2). The most striking finding of the analysis is that there has already been a decrease in operational GHG 1 emissions between 2000 and 2005. This comes after GHG emissions increased about one-third between 1990 and 2000. By 2005, City operations had successfully arrested and reversed growth of GHG emissions. This is significant due to the continued growth of City staff and services—that is, the amount per City employee of GHG emissions decreased by 5.5% between 2000 and 2005. This result has been achieved primarily with substantial investment in energy efficiency and conservation upgrades, use of hybrid vehicles, and the use of bio-based fuels. There are three methods that were used in the inventory to analyze the impacts of GHG emissions; activity sector, energy source and scope. Figure 2: Total Reported Emissions, Employees and Population/100 for years 1990, 2000 & 2005 15,0002,000 1,900 12,500 1,800 1,700 9,159 9,061 10,000 1,600 7,165 7,5001,500 1,400 5,000 1,300 1,200 2,500 1,100 -1,000 1990199520002005 Total Emissions# of EmployeesPopulation/100 1 All GHG emissions in this plan are “equivalent CO2” units in metric tonnes. This plan will refer to them as simply CO2 7 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN 2 The analysis addressed GHG emissions by activity sectors within City operations (Figure 3). For both the 2000 and 2005 years, the activity sector with the largest emissions impact has been building use (51% of emissions in 2005, down from 52% in 2000). The City’s vehicle fleet sector had the second largest impact on GHG emissions, accounting for 38% of internal City emissions in 2005 and 37% in 2000. Combined, these two activities accounted for about 90% of reportable City emissions in both years. GHG emissions can also be considered in terms of the underlying energy source (Figure 4). The energy source with the largest footprint in 2000 was gasoline used by the City’s vehicle fleet, which amounted to 23% of reportable emissions, increasing slightly to 24% of emissions in 2005. However, the City’s use of natural gas was the largest source of reportable GHG emissions in 2005, increasing to 28% of reportable emissions since 2000. During the same period, GHG emissions from the City’s use of steam decreased from 19% of reportable emissions in 2000 to 14% in 2005. GHG emissions related to the City’s use of electricity also decreased, from 17% of reportable emissions in 2000 to 15% in 2005. 2005ReportableEmissions CityofEugeneReportableGHGEmissionsfrom fromCityOperationsbySource InternalOperationsbyActivitySector2000&2005 60.0% NitrousOxide,2% 52.2% Biodiesel(B-20),8% 50.7% Methane,2% 50.0% Diesel(ULSD),6% 38.1% 40.0% 37.1% NaturalGas,28% 30.0% Gas-Fleet,24% 20.0% 10.0% 7.0% 7.8% 3.6% 3.5% EWEBSteam,14% 0.0% Electricity,15% BuildingsVehicleFleetStreetlights/SignalsSewer 20002005 Figure 3 Figure 4 Diesel fuel, which was the fifth largest source of GHG emissions in 2000, was replaced by the use of ultra-low sulfur diesel and biodiesel by 2005. The two remaining sources of GHG emissions – methane and nitrous oxide – are process emissions from the operation of the wastewater collection and treatment system. 2 An error was discovered in the Internal GHG Emissions Inventory report during the summer of 2009. As a result of additional review during the development of the Internal Climate Action Plan, it was learned that the emissions figures in the report are incorrectly labeled as metric tonnes, when they have actually been calculated in short tons. Relationships between the fuel types, scopes, sectors, departments, etc are not affected by this error. However, those referring to the Inventory Report should be aware that the emissions figures in the body of that document are 9.1% higher than the correct figures due to the difference between metric tonnes and short tons. Figure xx shown above cites the corrected summary information which should be used for total emissions. 8 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN l A third way to evaluate GHG emissions is by their “scope. According to the ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability, Local Government Operations Protocol, direct Scope 1 includes all GHG emissions from energy consumption, such as vehicle fuels and natural gas in buildings, excluding CO2 emissions from biomass combustion; indirect Scope 2 includes GHG emissions related to the consumption of electricity, steam, heating, or cooling energy purchased from a third party or utility; Scope 3 includes all other indirect emissions not covered in Scope 2, for instance employee commuting and GHG emissions embedded in materials and services purchased by the City. The Council’s adopted goal of carbon neutrality for City operations by 2020 focuses on Scope 1 and 2 emissions only. Scope 3 emissions are not currently included in the Council’s goal, due to the lack of accepted protocol for quantifying these emissions. However, the inventory does include some preliminary estimates of GHG emissions from Scope 3 activities - including employee commuting, waste disposal and a portion of the City’s purchasing activity. Scope 3 emissions appear to be much larger than Scope 1 and 2 emissions combined, if embedded emissions in goods and services purchased by the City are included. The full Inventory Report can be accessed on the web at the following address: http://www.eugene-or.gov/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_308202_0_0_18/City_Operations_GHG_Inventory.pdf 2.Adaptation to Climate Change The focus of this Action Plan is mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions to avoid future climate impacts, yet climate change is already affecting our lives in Eugene. For example, EWEB has reduced predictions for their own hydroelectric generation based on reduced stream flow and local vineyards are finding that their vines are no longer as suitable for local growing conditions. Even if CO2 emissions were to stabilize immediately, high CO2 concentrations already in the atmosphere will persist for years. In addition to reducing our emissions to prevent more dire consequences in the future, then, it is necessary to adapt to those changes that are happening now. In early March 2009 Resource Innovations, a sustainability-focused research organization at the University of Oregon, in collaboration with the US Forest Service and the National Center for Preparing for Climate Change in the Upper Conservation Science & Policy, released a report titled Willamette River Basin of Western Oregon . This report highlights the likely impacts of climate change on the Upper Willamette River Basin based on models used by the IPCC adjusted for local conditions. While no models can predict exactly how climatic conditions may change, these recent findings suggest the following potential impacts here in the Upper Willamette Basin: Increased annual average temperatures of 2 to 4° F and increased average summer temperatures of 4 to 6° F by around 2040; 9 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN Slightly less precipitation during spring, summer, and fall, and up to a 60% decrease in snowpack in the Pacific Northwest by 2040; Warmer ocean temperatures provide more moisture in the atmosphere that in turn can lead to more severe storm events and increased flooding; Changes in plant and wildlife communities as they adjust to new conditions. This could include pests and disease bearing species. Some potential operational impacts of such changes might be: Increased energy and water costs Need to respond to more frequent and severe weather or fire emergencies Extended season for mowing and irrigation in the parks Increased damage to buildings due to high heat, flooding or increased incidence of pest insect species. Increased damage to streets due to high heat or flooding A need to provide shelter during heat emergencies or more frequent flooding Potential need to modify recreational activities (e.g. outdoor concerts during heat emergencies) Impacts on natural areas maintained by the City Building cooling systems no longer adequate for increased temperatures A future influx of “climate refugees” from areas more hard-hit by climate change. The Sustainability Board will be addressing the issue of adaptation and the organizational impact of climate change that is already underway. The next step of the group will be to formulate recommendations for the organization. Reduction Goals a.Operational Emissions Reduction Goals—Scope 1 and 2 The emissions reduction goal presented here comprises the broad range of greenhouse gas reduction actions currently available to us and those anticipated to become available within the timeframe of the Action Plan. Actions included in the plan encompass all scope 1 and 2 sectors, strategies and energy 10 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN types. These actions taken together form a path to reduce emissions across the organization over the course the Action Plan. Figure 5: Percent Reduction from 2005 Emissions Scope 1 and 2 Operational Emissions By Cumulative Timeframe before 2012 8% 8% by 2012 12% 20% by 2016 14% 34% by 2020 21% 55% Figure 5 outlines projected emissions reductions from 2005 levels. Actions which have been put in place since 2005 have been accounted for in the “before 2012” timeframe. It should be noted that cumulative reductions expected by 2016 are projected to meet estimated 1990 levels of operational emissions. Operational emissions are projected to reach pre-1990 levels, in keeping with the Kyoto Protocol, early in the final timeframe. Total forecasted reductions of the plan are 55% of 2005 emissions by 2020 (Figure 6). úÃÐk.ÉÕ Ã£ª ±«Ã㪠ª¼ Ð ïðððð çïëç çðêï çððð èçêìèçêìèçêìèçêì èíëé èððð éêìé éïéç éïêë éððð êððð ëððð ìðëê ìððð íððð îððð ïððð ð ïççðïççëîðððîððëîððçîðïîîðïêîðîð This goal ß½¬·±²Ð´¿²Þ«·²»¿Ë«¿´Ð®»·²ª»²¬±®§ represents 11 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN the maximum potential for operational GHG reduction given the assumptions we have made and the best information available to date. Figure 7 outlines some of the operational goals for other municipalities compared with the City of Eugene’s goal. Though some care should be taken in making direct comparisons due to differing baselines or measurement protocols, it is clear that the goal of this action plan compares with those of regional leaders in climate action. CityOperationalGoalTimeframe Portland/ Multnomah County 50% of 1990 levels2030 Bellingham 70% of 2000 levels 2020 Eugene55% of 2005 levels 2020 Eugene—Final Goal with offsets Net Zero Emissions 2020 Figure 7 Fossil Fuel Use Reduction This plan is focused on operational reduction in GHG and fossil fuel is the primary contributor to the city’s emissions. Yet there is another concern with the use of fossil fuel—that of future supply. It is estimated that fossil fuel extraction is at or near its peak and may soon begin to slow, causing higher prices and economic disruption. Figure 8: Projected Fossil Fuel Use Reduction Percent Figure 8 shows the goals for reduction in fossil Fuel type/units reduction fuel that could be expected if the current plan can Unleaded/E10-gallons 90% be fully implemented of this plan. Since different types of energy are measured with different units B20-gallons 28% the impacts as percentages of their native units and then as a combined percentage of common Natural Gas-therms 28% unit of Btu’s (British Thermal Units). It should be noted that the very small percentage of EWEB EWEB Steam-klbs 60% electricity that is derived from fossil fuel was not included in the figures below. Total Fossil energy use reduction (MMbtu) 41% 12 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN Implementation Plan—2009 to 2020 b.Overview i.Methodology In September 2008, a staff team was assembled to formulate a plan to guide GHG reduction work within the City organization. Over the following eight months, the team solicited input on ways to reduce emissions and fossil fuel use from all City departments through departmental meetings and through a Think Tank intranet discussion. Over a hundred ideas, concepts and suggestions for action were received. Beginning in May 2009, the ideas were refined and combined into larger concepts. Over the next four months the estimated GHG reductions and financial impacts were calculated for 32 specific actions using information and assumptions compiled with the help of staff around the organization. (See Action Plan charts for detail of calculation assumptions). These actions were prioritized first by timeframe based on availability of technology and funding, then by GHG reduction potential, strategy and cost to form the basis for this Internal Climate Action Plan. ii.Assumptions and Uncertainty The Internal Climate Action Plan team established guidelines concerning the factors outside our control that may influence our ability to make progress toward our goal. Both funding and timing for measures may be affected by these factors, and a process has been established to re-evaluate actions should these underlying assumptions change. The following are high level assumptions incorporated into the priorities: Energy cost increases would remain moderate for several years, due to economic conditions, and then return to a more volatile state with the trend being a higher inflation rate than the general economy. Federal funding for efficiency, conservation and GHG reduction, whether through the stimulus effort or other mechanisms, would continue at higher levels than in the recent past for 3-4 years, with moderate decreases. The City would continue to pursue all forms of funding at a higher level than in the recent past. Advances in technology in electric vehicles, particularly plug-in hybrids, would be available for our use within 2-3 years. These are likely to be adopted relatively slowly at first due to capital costs. Other technological advances, in areas such as renewable vehicle fuels, photovoltaic manufacturing or food waste recycling are likely within the decade covered by the plan. The group agreed that, given the aggressive nature of the Council goal, technological advances of a large magnitude will be required within 5-7 years. Operational Emissions Reductions by Timeframe-Scope 1 and 2 iii. 13 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN Timeframes in this report are represented by the year in which the Action is fully implemented and actively reducing emissions. iv.Actions taken Prior to 2005 The City of Eugene has been actively taking steps to reduce energy use, cost and emissions for nearly two decades. There are two categories of such “historical” actions outlined below. Actions implemented between 1990 and 2000, the baseline for the internal inventory, are shown in figure 9 below. Though that period shows growth in emissions, the impact of these efforts should not be underestimated. These are the projects and programs that helped to slow the growth in our operational emissions and set the stage for the decreases that occurred between 2000 and 2005. It’s important that these projects and programs be kept in place as we pursue greater reductions in emissions. Installed LED traffic lights to replace incandescent Installed LED lighting for Airport taxiway Installed energy-efficient high pressure sodium street lighting Generated electricity from methane recovery at wastewater treatment plant Implemented an energy tracking and management program Conducted energy audits of all major municipal facilities Installed energy-efficient exit sign lighting Performed energy-efficient lighting retrofits Program to swap out space heaters and incandescent desk lamps Energy Star Installed roofing when roof needs replacement Installed energy-efficient vending machines Figure 9 14 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN The actions outlined in figure Figure 10 10 were responsible for Action Action in place reductions below 2005 emissions levels. This Whole building energy efficiency projects 2000 stabilization, and then decrease, of operational Use of biodiesel (B20) in City fleet 2003 emissions is an excellent result for which many municipalities Fleet advice to insure appropriate vehicle for 2004 will continue to strive, but the needs. City of Eugene has already Reduce travel for sweepers by providing closer 2004 achieved. drops for material 2005-2009: Actions underway during Action Plan process Figure 11 Action in GHGPercent of placeReductionTotal Use of E10 20062412.66% Additional Hybrid vehicles 2005340.38% Current purchase GreenPower--6% of total City use 20071001.10% Suspend take-home vehicles for Police command staff 2009190.21% Implement no-idling policy 20091551.71% POS Fuel Conservation Program 2009150.17% Effects of Building Efficiency Admin Order 20091001.10% Reconfigure Library lighting and HVAC controls2009400.44% Total7047.77% 15 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN The Internal Greenhouse Gas Inventory was completed in 2005. Actions that have been put in place since that time are not reflected in the 2005 emissions figures, the starting point for our emissions reduction goal. The actions outlined in figure 11 have enabled emissions reductions from 2005 levels and are considered part of the plan. Assuming that these actions, and those put in place before 2000, remain in place, a new inventory conducted today would be expected to show a nearly 8% reduction in city operational emissions since 2005. Action Plan for 2012 The near-term of the Action Plan includes measures recommended for implementation by 2012. Measures are prioritized for this timeframe due to the relative ease of completion within less than three years. Four of these actions are underway, or soon will be. The High Efficiency Gas Conversion and Upgrade Small HVAC actions are included in a formal agreement to fund under the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant. Actions Fine Tune Pool Schedules and Upgrade Remaining Inefficient Lighting fall under the existing Energy Management program and will be folded into that work plan over the timeframe. However, staff time and some level of funding will need to be identified for the remaining four actions identified in the near-term plan; City Operations Transportation Policy, Expanded Purchase of GreenPower, Fitness Equipment Generates Power, Expanded Energy Education. 16 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN 17 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN Action Plan for 2016 The period between 2012 and 2016 is the mid-term of this Action Plan. Actions in this timeframe are considered more difficult to accomplish than those of the previous term, due to infrastructure, funding or technology issues. These actions are presented as doable given current information and are generally extensions of existing efforts. They are the preferred direction of the workgroups that would be responsible for implementation. However, these are not presented as confirmed or funded projects. Ongoing work remains in completing a full-scale cost/benefit analysis, identifying resources and overcoming existing challenges in order to bring these ideas to fruition. Inclusion of an action in this timeframe signifies that workgroups have committed to pursuing these objectives. 18 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN 19 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN Action Plan for 2020 The end-term of this Action Plan runs from 2016 to 2020. Efforts included in this final phase of the Action Plan are primarily those that have significant challenges, but are deemed possible with expected improvements in technology or initial cost. The specific action Retro Commissioning for Major Facilities is intended to be a long term effort beginning in 2012 and finishing by 2020. Like the mid-term of the Plan, actions included continue or expand efforts that have been undertaken in the past. Workgroups have committed to including these concepts in their decision-making and to positioning themselves for future implementation. Changes in conditions affecting the implementation of these actions are difficult to predict. It’s recommended that these factors be monitored on an ongoing basis in order to adjust the plan, or implement an action as soon as it is feasible. 20 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN 21 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN Scope 3 and other Concepts Scope 3 emissions are defined as those indirect emissions that are not covered under scopes 1 and 2. More specifically, scope 3 emissions are upstream impacts of purchased goods, materials and services, or transport in non-city owned vehicles (such as employee commute or business travel). Emissions in this category are not included in the Net-Zero Council Goal and thus are not a focus in this Action Plan. However, there are several efforts underway in the organization that address scope 3 issues. A study is currently in progress that will quantify all operational solid waste produced by the organization and formulate a plan to reduce this waste by 90%. A reduction of this magnitude will require significant changes in the organization’s purchasing and recycling procedures. Such changes will have the additional benefit of reducing the GHG impact of the materials used by the organization. The City maintains an active employee commute reduction program as a participant in the regional “Commuter Solutions” program and provides staff with bus passes, an emergency ride home program and reduced parking rates for car pools. Staff commute choices are not under the operational control of the organization and thus are considered scope 3 relative to City operations. However, relative to the community’s emissions the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) by City staff traveling to work are scope 1. Work is ongoing to reduce the nitrous oxide (NOx) released by the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) NOx emissions that are known to be released to the air from WWTP have been included in the inventory. Other NOx released from the plant is water-borne. It is currently unclear if these emissions can eventually enter they atmosphere and impact climate change. Warm mix asphalt was used with good results in selected road construction projects during the 2009 construction season. Warm mix is made at a lower temperature than the traditional mix and thus reduces the amount of energy and emissions from asphalt production. Other concepts A full-scale energy audit is underway at the Wastewater treatment plant. Once defined, the GHG emissions reductions from efficiency upgrades for the treatment process and the plant buildings can be included in the next update of the plan. Clean fuel specifications are being considered for capital road construction contracts. The use of bio-fuels by contractors hired by the City could reduce indirect emissions. An innovative idea has been put forward to study potential for installing piping under roads when major construction is undertaken. The piping could provide access to ground-source heating and cooling for nearby homes or businesses. 22 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN Emissions Reductions by Strategy Review of strategies It’s important to look at the plan in terms of not only the timeline, but in terms of the types of strategies which can be employed to reach our goal. The actions in the plan have been categorized into three strategies, each addressing a different facet of emissions reduction. Implement Conservation: This strategy is based on specific changes in staff practices and procedures without any change in equipment. These types of actions can be accomplished initially with little or no cost and can be implemented relatively quickly. However, these types of actions are limited by existing technology and must be carefully implemented to avoid impact on staff productivity. Savings from these measures tend to decrease over time without centralized support from the organization in the form of policy, follow-up, training and feedback on their effectiveness. These types of strategies, combined with efforts to institutionalize the changes, are an excellent and cost-effective foundation for emissions reduction. Efficient Technology: Upgrades to high efficiency equipment are the foundation of this plan. Replacement or retrofit of outdated equipment not only provides reliable emissions reduction and energy cost savings, but can improve reliability and comfort, and decrease maintenance cost. This strategy is maximized by combining efficiency improvements with conservation efforts. This can often help reduce the first cost by reducing overall equipment needs. Efficiency upgrades can be limited by availability and cost of equipment or existing conditions (for instance the orientation or structure of a building). They also must be balanced with the cost of maintenance and any issues around the maturity of the technology, since equipment that fails to function as intended will not achieve desired emissions reductions. Although not as dependent as conservation, these types of actions also require some support as there may be different expectations or operating procedures. Renewable Energy: Renewable energy produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions and has less impact on the environment. This strategy uses alternative energy sources, such as bio-fuels, EWEB Greenpower or solar energy to meet operational needs. This strategy can provide rapid emissions reductions, often without significant initial investment. Connecting the use of renewable energy to conservation and efficiency efforts will amplify their effectiveness. These three strategies present complementary approaches to meeting the challenge of emissions reduction. However, each type of action, and effective climate action in general, also requires comprehensive efforts to shift the culture of the organization. While action promoting culture change serves to support and “cement” the savings of other actions, and may be considered to be a part of those actions. The success of the overall plan will, to some extent, be dependent on the ability of the organization to internalize the concepts in the plan. 23 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN Action Cost and Funding Recommendations The majority of the actions identified in this plan are expected to return operational savings to the organization. At the time of this report, the only exceptions are some of those actions which depend on renewable energy. Of the broad range of actions put forward only the use of biodiesel and the purchase of Greenpower are not currently expected to provide savings. Additionally, the final step of purchasing offsets, to be considered at the end-term of this plan, would add operating cost. Other renewable energy actions, photovoltaic electrical generation in particular, are not currently cost-effective but were included in the end-term of the plan with the expectation that improved technology will soon reduce initial costs. Considered on a purely economic basis, these actions make sense and potentially for reasons beyond ongoing savings. While not yet quantifiable beyond the cost benefits of reducing energy use, the investment in GHG reduction may buffer the organization against financial risk. It appears likely that the regulatory environment could shift toward a concrete and down-trending cap on emissions. Those entities producing emissions beyond the cap could incur financial consequences. Conversely, emissions levels below a cap may allow trading and reinvestment in GHG reduction. City staff will need to track these developments on federal, regional and state levels to determine potential impacts on the organization. Several of the actions for the near-term (2012) of the plan are co-funded by EECBG, City Capital Improvement Projects(CIP) and utility incentives. It’s not known if the EECBG funding will continue; however, several actions are outlined and studies will soon begin on several others in order to prepare for potential future EECBG funding opportunities. In order to fund continuing progress toward GHG reduction and operational savings, it’s recommended that the organization consider financing for mid-term efforts (2016). Those measures that are not eligible for EECBG funding or are beyond the capacity of the CIP to undertake, may qualify for low- cost financing through the Oregon Dept of Energy’s SELP (Small-scale Energy Loan Program), CREBs (Clean Renewable Energy Bonds) or QECBs ( Qualified Energy Conservation Bonds). Performance contracting may offer another avenue to explore. An agreement is crafted which sets a repayment schedule based on guaranteed energy savings from a specified efficiency upgrade project. Public agencies in Oregon have begun to use this mechanism. The downside of financing initial investment is the impact of interest and the delay in realizing direct cost savings. However, if other options are not available to implement GHG reduction actions, financing allows immediate emissions reductions and eventual cost savings which may not have occurred at all. 24 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN Use of emissions offsets to reach the Net-Zero Goal According to the Climate Trust “A greenhouse gas (GHG) offset is generated by the reduction, avoidance, or sequestration of GHG emissions from a specific project. Offsets are so named because they counteract or offset greenhouse gases that would have been emitted into the atmosphere; they are a 3 compensating equivalent for reductions made at a specific source of emissions.” It is clear from the council goal that the purchase of offsets is to be considered a secondary strategy to be used only after all practicable operational reductions have been made. The ICAP team recommends that the purchase of offsets be used only in the end-term (2020) of the action plan when the full impacts of previous actions have been determined. Cost for offsets are calculated based on the current price of Bonneville Environmental Foundation (BEF) offsets per metric tonne. BEF figures were used for this discussion because of the regional nature of their investment and third-party certification of offset quality. Expected 2020 Emissions after Annual Cost from 2020 forward Operational Emissions Reductions to offset remaining Emissions (present value) 4,005 metric tonnes CO2 $122,000 The cost of offsets can be reduced by expanding our emissions reduction efforts. We run the risk of committing financial resources to offsets that may not be needed to reach our goal if we begin those purchases before we have exhausted the potential of direct reductions. Initial discussions have been held with the University of Oregon and EWEB concerning the feasibility of developing a local offset mechanism in order to benefit the local economy. Although there does not currently appear to be sufficient demand for a local offset, the concept should be revisited in the second or third timeframe of the plan. Emissions offsets provide a method to quickly stimulate climate action, and the resulting economic activity. Use of offsets allows us to take the final step in achieving our Net-Zero goal within the timeframe of this action plan. Plan Progress Review It is recommended that a staff member be assigned to coordinate overall progress on the Internal Action Plan. Staff will be needed to: 3 Climate Trust: About Offsets at http://www.climatetrust.org/about_offsets.php 25 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN Insure that plan is being implemented and report on progress Update the inventory on a regular basis Review and update the plan regularly, and as needed to respond to changes in conditions Regular progress reviews are recommended at varying intervals, shown below in figure 12. Additionally, conditions affecting the GHG reduction potential of actions, cost savings, cost and availability of technology, and availability of funding should be monitored. Changes in these areas can quickly make an action more or less feasible. Figure 12: Recommended Progress Review ActivityFrequency Information update to designated plan coordinator Quarterly for actions in progress At plan implementation; annually, as part of Execs approval of work plan strategies and costs budget process; and explicitly every four years Progress reports to Sustainability Board Annually, with updates to Execs and others as needed At plan implementation and at least every 4 years Progress reports to Sustainability Commission and City Council Update to Inventory Every 4 years, beginning in 2012 Update to Action Plan Every 4 years, beginning in 2012 with addendums when needed to respond to conditions Conclusion The problem The City of Eugene organization is faced with a momentous challenge in responding to the issue of climate change. The community looks to municipal leadership to show commitment and demonstrate workable strategies. Without significant action the economic, personal and ecological well-being of our community are all at risk. 26 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN The solutions This Action Plan is the roadmap, an interactive and ongoing commitment to move toward the maximum possible internal emissions reductions, rather than a fixed set of instructions. It is a set of tools that we understand and some guidelines for using them. As we work to extend many of our existing efforts, find ways to fund investment, prepare to take action when conditions change and inform and educate our staff, we must keep in mind that there is no single solution, no silver bullet. Energy use and the resultant emissions are a part of almost every facet of modern life, and so changes will need to be made on every front. There are a thousand solutions, a thousand silver BB’s, if you will. Our task is to understand which way they need to go and corral them accordingly. While there can be no guarantee that all of our assumptions will continue to hold true and thus any one specific action will come to pass, we can commit to pursuing continued and expanded emission reduction action. Keeping the goal in mind, with a blueprint and a set of tools will help us overcome obstacles and carry the commitment to climate action forward. 27 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN Appendix A: Link to related documents City of Eugene No-Idle Policy http://www.eugene-or.gov/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_317789_0_0_18/noidling%20policy.pdf Energy Conservation Administrative Order http://www.eugene-or.gov/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_354232_0_0_18/Admin_Order_44-09-06.pdf Appendix B Staff Suggestions for Internal Climate Actions Presented By Suggestion Source Retrofit stations not suitable for solar with tankless Multiple building energy Fire/EMS water heaters. sources Develop multiple City owned fueling locations to Fire/EMS reduce VMT Multiple vehicle fuel sources Implement point of use photovoltaic solar cells to power street lighting, parking meters, irrigation LRCS: Library equipment, etc. Electricity Capture heat generated by the library and use to Multiple building energy LRCS: Library heat other City buildings sources For the Library Building can we draw cool air from LRCS: Library the stairwells to help cool the building? Natural Gas Reduce packaging for shipment of purchased media LRCS: Library and books Add more manual lighting controls at the library so LRCS: Recreation large banks don't stay on Electricity Hook up fitness equipment to generate electricity at LRCS: Recreation fitness centers similar to the Olympic Trials Electricity Implement facility booking program tied to Multiple building energy LRCS: Recreation automated public meeting room thermostats sources Implement more zones in buildings to allow more Multiple building energy LRCS: Recreation efficient climate control sources Give staff limited control over on-site climate adjustments to adjust automated thermostats that Multiple building energy LRCS: Recreation are too hot or cold sources Move Sheldon Community Center to a separate LRCS: Recreation thermostat than the pool area. Natural Gas LRCS: Recreation Replace light switches with motion sensors Electricity PDDTurn off second computer monitor when not in use Electricity PDDInstall photovoltaic (PV) solar cells on City buildings Electricity PDDReduce office space by efficiently locating staff Multiple building energy 28 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN sources Stop offering flexible spending accounts for parking PDDto City staff Multiple vehicle fuel sources Add batteries to PDD inspector vehicles to reduce PDDidle time during inspections Gasoline Promote/support use of alternate modes for City PDDbusiness Gasoline PDDImplement tele/video conferencing for City training Gasoline Improve quality, quantity, and accessibility of City PDDbikes Gasoline PDDImplement downtown City vehicle pool Gasoline PDDLicensing incentives for clean taxi fleets Gasoline Create system master planning for solid waste PDDhaulers Multiple vehicle fuel sources Education on leaf pick-up to encourage on-site use PDDand less PWM pickup B20 PIC electronic submission and review of PDDdevelopment plans Add extra batteries to patrol vehicles to power Policeelectronic equipment while stopped to reduce idling Gasoline Purchase fuel more efficient patrol vehicles in 2011 Policewhen Crown Victoria is retired Gasoline Install ground source geothermal when reconstructing streets, become heating/cooling Multiple building energy PW: Engineering provider sources PW: Engineering Allow use of fleet bikes for personal use Gasoline Use of Warm Mix Asphalt for capitol construction PW: Engineering contracts Implement clean fuels specification for capitol PW: Engineering construction projects Create employee shuttle service (Business use) to PW: Engineering reduce VMT Gasoline PW: Engineering Carpooling requirements for out of City training Gasoline PW: Engineering Count tree planting as internal offset credit PW: Engineering Change to four day work week for in full or in part. Multiple vehicle fuel sources PW: Engineering City Fleet Bicycles (Training in use, gear, adequate bikes) Gasoline PW: Engineering Develop an internal employee transportation options/choice plan Gasoline PW: Engineering Enhance City Meeting Invitation Procedures Gasoline PW: Engineering Enhance Vehicle checkout system Gasoline PW: Engineering Create a quarterly Transportation Options Newsletter distributed to all City Employees Gasoline PW: Engineering Employee Transportation Coordinator (ETC) in each Division Gasoline 29 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN PW: Engineering Expand City Participation in the Business Energy Tax Credit (BETC) program Gasoline PW: Engineering Employee Transportation Fairs (Educate employees on alt-transportation options) Gasoline PW: Engineering Incorporate education on alt-modes use for City business during new city employee orientation Gasoline PW: Engineering Electronic bidding for Capital Projects Specify and design projects for minimal virgin PW: Engineering material use and maximum recycling PW: Maintenance Convert City diesel fleet to minimum B50 B20 PW: Maintenance Conversion of sedan fleet to use E85 Gasoline PW: Maintenance Purchase electric vehicles to replace sedan fleet Gasoline Purchase hybrid lift trucks for street light and traffic PW: Maintenance signal maintenance B20 Purchase hybrid TV trucks for Storm and wastewater PW: Maintenance investigation B20 Implement strict standards on right sizing of fleet PW: Maintenance vehicles Multiple vehicle fuel sources PW: Maintenance Increase drop box locations for sweepers B20 PW: Maintenance Implement fuel delivery truck for fire vehicle support B20 PW: Maintenance Implement tele/video conferencing for City meetings Gasoline Meeting locations determined by location of greatest PW: Maintenance number of participants Gasoline PW: Maintenance Route planning for maintenance vehicles Multiple vehicle fuel sources PW: Maintenance Purchase smaller more fuel efficient sweepers B20 Infiltration and inflow projects to reduced amount of Multiple building energy PW: Maintenance WWTP wet weather flow sources Publish quarterly fuel usage and VMT report to PW: Maintenance divisions Multiple vehicle fuel sources PW: Parks/Open Install separate meters for different divisions Multiple building energy Space occupying the same building or complex sources PW: Parks/Open Count removal of buildings and other impervious Space area as a credit. For general funded vehicles need to have incentive PW: Parks/Open back to division for choosing the economic vehicles Space in a class Multiple vehicle fuel sources PW: Parks/Open For general funded vehicles need to have incentive Space back to division for fuel savings Multiple vehicle fuel sources PW: Parks/Open Use small solar installations for vehicles needing to Space power equipment while turned off Gasoline PW: Parks/Open Space Improve bus shelters near City offices Multiple vehicle fuel sources PW: Parks/Open Schedule non-emergency maintenance responses Space geographically to reduce VMT Gasoline 30 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN PW: Parks/Open Assign vehicles a job description use appropriate Space vehicles for task. Gasoline PW: Parks/Open Change the budgeting system to reward Space conservation. PW: Parks/Open Utilize bike trailers for maintenance activities when Space possible Multiple vehicle fuel sources PW: Parks/Open Set reduction goal for fuel usage to 5% by the end of Space 2009 Multiple vehicle fuel sources PW: Parks/Open Hold competition between workgroups on reduction Space of GHGs Think Tank Power source cost equalizer: reserve difference b/w Multiple building energy Nat Gas & Electric - "Charge" ourselves elect. rate sources for cheaper natural gas, the reserve the difference for green retrofits Think Tank Adjust timers on lighting Electricity Think Tank Reduce to 4-day work week Multiple building energy sources Think Tank Reduce number of servers in data center Electricity Think Tank Lower building temperature Multiple building energy sources Think Tank Install clear panels on equipment sheds at PW yard Multiple building energy sources Think Tank Install motion detection lights (in all break rooms, Electricity bathrooms, low-occupancy rooms in particular) Think Tank Program City computers to use energy saving Electricity settings Think Tank Provide an on-screen reminder to turn off monitor on Electricity shut-down Think Tank Unplug equipment when not in use - When printers Electricity off, it may signal a repair alert to ISD Think Tank Pools - shut off water/air boilers & furnaces when Multiple building energy facility not in use sources Think Tank Reduce lights in areas that don't really need them - Electricity bright day hallways and day-lit areas Think Tank Solar thermal for city facilities - find ways to fund Multiple building energy solar H2O on city facilities sources Think Tank Do more to encourage alternative modes of Multiple vehicle fuel sources commuting (Incentives) Think Tank Charge for parking at all City facilities - Multiple vehicle fuel sources Simultaneously provide better bike parking and some incentive for using it-$20/month, time off, etc. Think Tank Establish policy to discontinue use of disposable cups-Lug your own mug (to meetings, events, etc.) Think Tank Use laptops instead of desktop computers Electricity Think Tank Reduce the use of small motors Multiple building energy sources 31 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN Think Tank Reduce maintenance fleet size - replace older Multiple vehicle fuel sources vehicles; staff in 2-person teams Think Tank Make bikes available at all work locations for staff Multiple vehicle fuel sources Think Tank Methane reduction - Have we reached potential for Multiple building energy methane reduction at wastewater or can more be sources done? Think Tank Replace thermal paper used in printers - non- recyclable; NOTE-I've called BRING and tried reaching someone at Weyerhaeuser and it appears this paper may in fact be recyclable, I've been doing so thinking it was for years. Think Tank A6 money to redesign maintenance intensive landscape in parks Think Tank Go solar Electricity Think Tank City-wide energy audit Multiple building energy sources Think Tank Investigate and apply for EWEB Grant opportunity Multiple building energy sources Think Tank Steam Decommission: Ask EWEB to help fund Steam building retrofits; (Lane County has under-utilized Bond authority available-could we create a County- City partnership to accomplish this?) Think Tank Add solar panels to City buildings Electricity Think Tank Return to 4-day workweekMultiple building energy sources Encourage Teleconferencing instead of meetings Multiple vehicle fuel sources Think Tank Think Tank Build travel time for Alt Modes into meeting Multiple vehicle fuel sources schedules Think Tank Get rid of the driving incentives - and could Multiple vehicle fuel sources incentivize alt modes (discussed elsewhere) Think Tank Develop an energy budget as if we're living on a Multiple building energy fixed-income sources Think Tank Synchronize stop lights - (more of a community level Multiple vehicle fuel sources action) Think Tank Use efficient travel routes Multiple vehicle fuel sources Think Tank Buy a mobile fire engine fueling truck Multiple vehicle fuel sources Think Tank More pervious surface - this could be more community or sustainability focused Think Tank To change behavior… reward good behavior, disincentivize "bad" behavior; personalize consequences Think Tank Street lighting, path lighting - find more info in Think Electricity Tank Think Tank Look for intersections to replace signals w/roundabouts - more community GHG reduction based (RN) 32 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. Plan may be modified pending implementation. CE–ICAP* ITY OF UGENE NTERNAL LIMATE CTION LAN Think Tank Timed stop lights - more community GHG reduction based Think Tank Inform broader organization of availability of free bus Multiple vehicle fuel sources passes Think Tank Education (at the source, e.g. sign of alt modes avail. near car keys) Think Tank Motivating folks to change behavior - Inform folks what can be "saved" through behavior change Think Tank Staff training - Concerted training effort to highlight individual actions & responsibilities and collective impacts and actions Think Tank Reinforce existing policies - use different media and forums to communicate existing policies like no- idling, computer turn-off, etc Think Tank Performance data - Provide ongoing feedback on performance and consequences Think Tank Bike locker facilities - more & better bike locker Multiple vehicle fuel sources facils. where staff is concentrated Think Tank Encourage telecommuting Multiple vehicle fuel sources Think Tank Vendor & contract relationships: Emphasize 3 legs of sustainability with all vendors & contractors - travel routes for waste collection, travel mode for consultants, use local consultants Think Tank Develop plan to swap out less efficient street/path Electricity lighting - could reduce number of; light alt mode paths better to encourage use (community focus?) Think Tank Create a carpooling resource for employees - (NOTE: Exists through LTD Commuter Solutions; add link to City inter- and intra-net) 33 *Plan adopted as a framework; subject to additional edits. 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ùÐÓÏÛÈ× ð×ÛØ×ÊÉÔÓÌ óÎÓÈÓÛÈÓÆ× ÛÎØ ÷ùíîÍÊÈÔÅ×ÉÈ ö×ÚÊÇÛÊà åÛÉÔÓÎÕÈÍÎ å×ÉÈ×ÊÎ ùÐÓÏÛÈ× óÎÓÈÓÛÈÓÆ× ÷ÙÍÎÍÏÓÙ óÏÌÛÙÈ ûÎÛÐÃÉÓɨ ÷ùíîÍÊÈÔÅ×ÉÈ ö×ÚÊÇÛÊà ì×ÛÑÓÎÕ ÍÖ åÍÊÐØ íÓÐ ìÊÍØÇÙÈÓÍÎ óÏÌÛÙÈÉ ïÓÈÓÕÛÈÓÍÎ ÛÎØ êÓÉÑ ïÛÎÛÕ×Ï×ÎȨ êÍÚ×ÊÈ ð ôÓÊÉÙÔ êÍÕ×Ê ú×ÂØ×Ñ êÍÚ×ÊÈ å×ÎØÐÓÎÕ ö×ÚÊÇÛÊà ߰°»²¼·¨ é ï õ õ ó ÷èêíê÷÷îôíçé÷ûéîæ÷îèíêã ß°°»²¼·¨ è ù ÷ ù õôõ ó óèãíöçõ÷î÷íïïçîóèãîæ÷îèíêã CITY OF EUGENE Eugene Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Report óÈÑÄ Ý·¬§ ±º Û«¹»²» Ý»²¬®¿´ Í»®ª·½» Ú¿½·´·¬§ Ó¿²¿¹»³»²¬ Ü·ª··±² îïð ݸ»¸·®» ߪ»²«» Û«¹»²»ô ÑÎ çéìðï Ю»°¿®»¼ ¾§ Ô§²²» Û·½¸²»®óÕ»´´»§ Ù´»² ͪ»²¼»² Community Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory Prepared by the City of Eugene July, 2007 Page 1.Introduction 1 2.Executive Summary 1 3.Methodology Overview 2 4.Key Findings 3 5.Analysis of Inventory Findings 5 5.1 Results by Sector 5 5.2 Results by Source 9 5.3 Results Combined by Sector and Source 11 6.Putting It All Together 12 7.Context for Setting Targets 14 8.Other Considerations 15 9.Strategic Implications 16 10. Next Steps 16 11. References for Further Information 16 Appendix 1: Data Sources and Detailed Methodology by Emissions Source 17 Appendix 2: Summary of Data Inputs to CACP software 22 Eugene’s Community Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory 1. Introduction The community of Eugene has a long history of environmental stewardship. The City organization has historically implemented programs which have had the consequence of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in addition to their intended goal, such as the Transportation Options program, solid waste reduction and recycling or the energy management program. The City of Eugene completed a preliminary inventory of the City’s own operational greenhouse gas emissions in April 2005, with the assistance of graduate students from the U of O Planning, Public Policy and Management Program. The issues surrounding global warming have provided the impetus for broadening the City’s internal efforts to look at the community-wide issue of climate change. In March 2006, the City of Eugene joined over 200 U.S. cities in becoming a member of the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, or ICLEI. Membership in ICLEI affords local governments a cost-effective way to build internal expertise for continuing climate change work. This community greenhouse gas inventory was initiated in August 2006 based on experience gained from the City’s of Eugene’s internal inventory and with the training, technical assistance and software available to ICLEI members. The inventory of community-wide greenhouse gas emissions is the first step in developing Eugene’s climate action plan. This inventory provides the basis for completing other elements of a climate action plan, including the selection of an emissions reduction target and development of specific strategies to achieve emissions reductions. When completed, the climate action plan will serve as the foundation for Eugene’s ongoing efforts to reduce emissions, and provide the basis for measuring progress and improving reduction strategies in the future. This inventory presents a picture of Eugene’s current greenhouse gas emissions, and is not intended to introduce the issue of climate change. Some references to general information on global warming and climate change are included at the end of this report. A more complete discussion of the impact of global warming on Eugene, and individual measures to respond to climate change, will be included in the final climate action plan. 2. Executive Summary Eugene’s 2005 community-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are estimated at approximately 1.25 million metric tonnes, or 8.6 metric tonnes per capita. (A metric “tonne”, which is approximately 2,200 pounds, is used in this inventory to be consistent with standard practice.) This total is projected to increase to 1.5 million metric tonnes by 2020. This closely matches population growth, and annual per capita emissions are projected to reach 8.8 metric tonnes in 2020. Eugene has a relatively low level of per capita emissions compared to Oregon and the nation. Eugene’s 2005 per capita emissions are one-half of the statewide average per capita emissions, and about two-fifths of the national per capita emissions. Eugene’s relatively low level of GHG emissions, due primarily to our “clean” electrical energy, will influence the 1 future selection of GHG reduction strategies. Many approaches considered in other communities are focused on their source of electrical energy, and may not be the best measures for Eugene. Over half of the community’s current GHG emissions are related to the use of gasoline (41% of total emissions) and diesel fuel (11%). The next largest source of GHG emissions is from the use of natural gas, which accounts for 37% of total emissions. Electrical energy contributes 11% of community-wide GHG emissions. Remaining GHG sources are less than 1% of the total. Combined residential, commercial and industrial transportation activities within Eugene create over half of total community emissions. Residential activities are the next largest source of GHG emissions at 22% of total emissions, due primarily to the use of natural gas as a source for heating and water heating. Commercial activities account for 17% of total GHG emissions, again related primarily to the use of natural gas. Industrial activities contribute only 10% of the community’s GHG emissions, again related to natural gas usage in industrial processes and space heating. Understanding the overall mix of Eugene’s greenhouse gas emissions provides information on the relative importance of different activities as sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Knowing the specific sources and activities related to GHG emissions in the community will establish a basis for selecting emissions reduction strategies. 3. Methodology Overview Eugene’s community-wide inventory followed the protocol developed by ICLEI and the authors of the Clean Air and Climate Protection (CACP) software. Data was gathered from five sectors that produce the majority of community-level emissions: residential energy, commercial energy, industrial energy, transportation and waste. Utility level energy data and community wide figures for transportation and solid waste disposal were collected from numerous sources (see Appendix 1). Where necessary, data was either projected back in time (a method called backcasting) or estimated using the best available information. The CACP software converts all data to the equivalent value in CO2 (eCO2) in order to compile the information. The focus of the inventory of community greenhouse gas emissions is on activities that directly produce greenhouse gas emissions, or on the direct consumption of energy. It is these types of local activities that can most effectively be addressed by community-level emissions reductions strategies, and progress toward reduction targets most directly measured. As a result, the methodology used for this inventory does not currently include energy embedded in consumer goods from outside the community, nor does it include the potential for capture and storage of carbon by living plants (called biomass sequestration). In the transportation sector, through- trips, such as on I-5, and local trips without an origin or destination in Eugene are also not included in the inventory. Two small emissions sources, wood burning and fuel oil, were included because of significant issues with particulate pollution and significant change in use, respectively. 2 Boundaries for the inventory were chosen to correspond, for the most part, to the boundaries of Eugene Water and Electric Board’s (EWEB) territory. EWEB’s service area roughly matches the Eugene portion of the Metro Plan boundaries. River Road/Santa Clara and the Blachly Lane service territory along Hwy 99, south of Awbrey Lane, were also included. The year 1990 was chosen as a baseline year in order to be consistent with the climate goals of the State of Oregon and many other US cities. This also allows us to comply with the spirit of the Kyoto Protocol, as recommended by the US Mayor’s Climate Protection Agreement. Mayor Kitty Piercy is a signatory of the Agreement. An interim year, 2005, was chosen to provide a snapshot of the current emissions situation and allow quantification of reduction measures undertaken after 1990. The target year of 2020 for this inventory is within the planning horizon of most local agencies. This enables the model to use reasonable and existing growth projections, yet still allows sufficient time to implement significant emissions reductions measures. The projections for 2020 were done with a “business-as-usual” scenario. Any emissions reduction measures or programs that are currently in existence or are already included in agencies’ growth projections are therefore included in the base case 2020 scenario. For instance, nodal development and continued expansion of the bus rapid transit system are included in the community vehicle-miles-traveled “business as usual” projections for 2020. 4. Key Findings The growth in GHG emissions from 1990 levels to 2005 was approximately 38%. Projected growth of GHG from 2005 to 2020 is estimated at 21.4%. Total growth in emissions from the base year of 1990 to the target year of 2020 is projected to be two-thirds higher than total 1990 emissions. It’s important to note that any goal to go below 1990 levels must not only reduce current emissions, but avoid all additional GHG emissions resulting from population growth. Figure 1 below shows the growth in total GHG emissions and population for Eugene from 1990 to 2005 and projected to 2020. 3 While overall emissions increased 38% from 1990 to 2005, per capita GHG emissions in Eugene have increased only 6% between 1990 and 2005. This means that the rate of growth in total emissions has been primarily due to the growth in total population from 1990 to 2005. However, per capita GHG emissions are projected to rise at about the same rate through 2020, based primarily on the increased use of natural gas as an energy source. Eugene’s 2005 per capita emissions are one-half of the statewide 2000 average per capita emissions, and about two-fifths of the national 2000 per capita emissions, as shown in Figure 2 below. This difference may be due to a combination of EWEB’s comparatively clean power mix, which emits about one-tenth of the greenhouse gas per megawatt hour of the Oregon power grid average emissions, and the limited scope of economic activity covered in the community greenhouse gas inventory. As the community greenhouse gas inventory focuses primarily on emissions generated within Eugene, the “embedded” green house gas emissions of imported goods and materials are not included in Eugene’s inventory. (Theoretically, the emissions related to imported goods would be counted in those communities where the manufacturing takes place.) The Oregon and United States GHG emissions estimates encompass a broader range of economic activities, including manufacture and transport of goods across the State and the nation. More analysis of the comparison of the GHG emissions in goods exported from and imported to Eugene is needed to determine what adjustment, if any, should be made to Eugene’s per capita GHG estimate. City staff has recommended to Oregon Department of Energy and ICLEI researchers that this is an area needing an accepted protocol. Figure 2 - PerCapitaEmissions Eugene, State of OregonandUS 25.0 20.6 20.0 16.6 15.0 10.0 8.8 8.6 8.1 5.0 - Eugene1990Eugene2005Eugene2020Oregon 2000US 2000 (Source of Oregon and US data: Oregon Strategy for Greenhouse Gas Reductions, December, 2004 ) 4 5. Analysis of Inventory Findings The results of the community GHG emissions inventory can be analyzed by the type of activity contributing to greenhouse gases, and by the energy source that creates those emissions. Both types of analysis can be used in the development of GHG reduction strategies. The next sections provide a more detailed view of Eugene GHG emissions data by activity, by fuel source, and finally by fuel source within each activity sector 5.1 Results by Sector All economic sectors show growth in the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 through 2020, with the exception of solid waste. As noted above, this growth parallels the growth in Eugene’s population. The following charts show the relative impact of the five economic sectors over the period included in the model. The transportation sector is the largest component of Eugene’s greenhouse gas emissions, projected to increase to almost 800,000 metric tonnes by 2020 (Figure 3). The transportation sector includes the greenhouse gas emissions due to the residential, commercial and industrial vehicle use within Eugene, based on computer modeling of vehicle miles traveled by each type of activity. Emissions related to residential and commercial structures are the next largest contributors to Eugene’s greenhouse gas emissions, projected to reach about 350,000 metric tonnes and nearly 300,000 metric tonnes respectively by 2020. The industrial sector produces the least greenhouse gas emissions, projected at about 170,000 metric tonnes in 2020. Figure 3 - EugeneCommunityGreenhouseGasEmissions by Sector 900,000 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 - (100,000) 199020052020 ResidentialCommercialIndustrialTransportationWaste 5 The waste sector is considered in the model as providing carbon storage. This phenomenon is explained by the multiplication effect of methane and the long-term capture and storage, or sequestration, of a portion of the total waste. Organic matter that decomposes without oxygen, or anaerobically, will form methane, a greenhouse gas 21 times more potent than COIf the 2. methane is not captured or burned, landfills are net sources of greenhouse gas emissions. However, up to 80% (based on OR DEQ figures) of the methane formed at the Short Mountain site is captured and burned to produce energy, which converts it back to the less potent CO The 2. net result is that a little bit more carbon equivalent is buried and trapped in the landfill than is added to the atmosphere. This does not mean that creating additional garbage is part of the solution. It does underscore the fact that the capture and use of methane is a very effective strategy that is already in place, and needs to be maintained or expanded. Also, this model of estimating greenhouse gas emissions does not recognize the benefits of recycling. Recycling both reduces the total amount of solid waste and reduces the “upstream” production of greenhouse gas emissions related to goods and materials manufactured outside of Eugene. As this inventory captures only energy generated or consumed directly by the community, the role of recycling as an emissions reduction strategy needs to be evaluated in other ways. While total GHG emissions are projected to increase, the emissions from some activity sectors will increase faster than others. The relative impact of the transportation sector has decreased from 1990 to 2005 in spite of continued growth in vehicle miles traveled (VMT). This trend is expected to continue through 2020. Residential and commercial sector emissions impacts have increased, in relation to those from transportation, primarily due to the continued fuel-switching from electric to natural gas for heating. The following graphs (Figure 4) show the relative contribution of the five economic sectors to community greenhouse gas emissions over the thirty-year period. Figure 4 – Eugene Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 1990, 2005 and Projected 2020 1990EugeneGHGEmissions 2005EugeneGHGEmissions Waste Waste 0% 0% ResidentialResidential 20% 22% Commercial 13% Transportation Transportation Commercial 51% 58% 17% Industrial 9% Industrial 10% 6 2020EugeneGHGEmissions - Projected Waste 0% Residential 22% Transportation 50% Commercial 18% Industrial 10% Within the transportation sector, residential trips make up the majority of emissions related to vehicle travel. (Figure 5)Using the Lane Council of Government's regional transportation model of vehicle travel miles, Figure 5 was derived from the estimated average school-in-session weekday trips that originate from a Eugene residence, as well as from trips that are not based on household activity but that have a Eugene origin or destination including commercial vehicle trips. Of these trips, home to work trips account for about 19% of Eugene-related vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Home based non-work trips make up 36% of VMT, and includes trips made for home to school, home to shopping, home to college, and home to recreation, sports and other purposes. Non-home based trips account for about 32% of the vehicle miles traveled. These are trips initiated by drivers from a Eugene origin and by trips ending at a Eugene destination and include service trips such as mail deliveries, garbage pickup, meter reading, as well as work to shop, work to meals, and college to work trips. Commercial trucking accounts for the remaining 13% of vehicle miles traveled from or to a Eugene location. Figure5-EugeneVehicleMilesTraveledin2002by TypeofTrip 13% 19% AllHome-BasedWork VehicleTrips AllHome-BasedNon-Work VehicleTrips AllNon-HomeBasedVehicle 32% Trips AllCommercialVehicleTrips 36% 7 Eugene’s pattern of emissions due to fossil fuels is significantly different from the State of Oregon as a whole, as shown in Figure 6. This may mean that the most effective strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions related to fossil fuels are different for Eugene than those being developed for Oregon or the nation. As noted earlier, Eugene’s pattern of emissions from fossil fuel, dominated by vehicle transportation emissions, reflects this community’s relatively clean electrical power. The transportation sector’s share of GHG emissions in Eugene is quite large at 51% in 2005 compared to 38% for Oregon overall. This is due to the relative lack of GHG emissions from electrical generation in Eugene with the exceptionally clean power that EWEB delivers. As shown later, the higher representation of the residential and commercial sectors is due predominately to use of natural gas. Figure 6 – Fossil Fuel Equivalent C02 Emissions by Sector in Oregon and Eugene Eugene2005CO2Emissions Oregon2000CO2Emissions Electricity 11% Electricity 42% Residential Transportation 38%18% Transportation 52% Commercial 14% Residential Industrial 5%Industrial Commercial 12% 5% 3% Source of Oregon data: Oregon Strategy for Greenhouse Gas Reductions, December, 2004 Comparing Eugene’s 2005 per capita emission levels by sector with the 2000 statewide per capita emissions highlights key differences (Figure 7). This view shows Eugene’s overall lower level of GHG emissions from fossil fuels, and Eugene’s dramatically lower level of GHG emissions related to electrical energy. While transportation accounts for the largest proportion of Eugene GHG emissions, the per capita level of GHG emissions of transportation fuels is significantly lower than the statewide average. Since Eugene’s community inventory only counts travel with an origin or destination within Eugene, the statewide emissions figures may be more comprehensive, as the state includes more inter-city and through traffic, especially within the I-5 corridor. 8 Figure7-ComparisonofOregon2000and Eugene2005PerCapitaGHGEmissionsfrom FossilFuels 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 TransportationElectricityResidentialCommercialIndustrial OregonEugene Eugene’s low level of emissions due to electrical generation reflects EWEB’s predominant use of hydroelectric power, compared to the state as a whole, and EWEB’s long-term emphasis on conservation, with an aggressive conservation program in place since 1976. EWEB has stated that growth in electrical demand has been met through a combination of clean energy and conservation for the past decade, limiting the need to purchase electrical power generated from fossil fuel sources. Conservation can play an important role in reducing the per capita level of greenhouse gas emissions, and can help offset overall emissions that are expected to increase with population. 5.2 Results by Source To be most effective, greenhouse gas reduction strategies need to reflect the major energy sources producing emissions, and identify those energy sources that are most likely to respond to change strategies. Figure 8 below shows the relative change in the source of GHG emissions in Eugene over the inventory period. An important finding from this analysis of the source data is the shifting role of natural gas. In 1990, natural gas is responsible for less than a third of Eugene’s emissions. By 2005, emissions from natural gas are nearly equal to those of gasoline. Projected emissions for 2020 show that natural gas will be the largest share of Eugene’s eC02 emissions given a “business-as-usual” scenario. As previously noted, unlike other areas of Oregon or the nation, electricity is a relatively minor source of greenhouse gas emissions in Eugene. 9 Figure 8 – Eugene Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Energy Source, 1990, 2005 and Projected 2020 Eugene1990GHGbysource Eugene2005GHGbysourc Electricity Electricity Diesel Diesel 11.0% 10.2% 10.5% 11.6% NaturalGas FoodWaste FoodWaste 29.6% 0.2% NaturalGas 0.3% 37.3% Fuelwood Fuelwood 0.2% 1.0% LightFuelOil 1.0% LightFuelOil HeavyOil 0.3% 0.1% Gasoline Gasoline HeavyOil 40.4% 46.2% 0.0% Eugene2020GHGbysource Electricity Diesel 10.4% 10.4% FoodWaste 0.2% NaturalGas Fuelwood 40.2% 0.1% LightFuelOil Gasoline 0.1% 38.6% HeavyOil 0.0% While natural gas is projected to take the lead in eCO2 emissions in Eugene by 2020, gasoline has been and will remain a consistently large emissions source. Emissions from gasoline are currently the leading source of CO2 in the community. Emissions reduction strategies that target either overall quantity of gasoline used, or the type of vehicle fuels, will likely figure prominently in a Eugene climate action plan. 10 Woodburning contributes very minimally to the GHG emissions of the community of Eugene. The CO2 coefficient for burning fuelwood is generally considered to be zero. Carbon released from burning wood cycles in and out of the atmosphere very quickly when viewed on the geologic time-scale of the carbon contained in fossil fuel. It is generally thought that the equivalent amount of carbon released by burning is entirely re-sequestered in growing plant material, assuming that the ability of vegetation to perform this task is remaining stable. Though there is ongoing debate about the sequestration ability given the changing nature of forest and vegetation, for this inventory we have accepted the assumption in the ICLEI model of a net zero GHG impact of woodburning. It is recommended that future updates of this inventory investigate the role that significant changes in the area or quality of mature vegetated landscapes may play in overall atmospheric GHG levels. Although woodburning is not a significant contributor to CO2 in the atmosphere, it does contribute substantially to other forms of pollution in Eugene. While this report does not address the relative criteria air pollutants (CAP’s) of fuel sources, they should be considered an important factor in the step of choosing GHG reduction strategies. Overall health of the environment may not be improved by simply trading one impact for another. Future updates of the inventory will include CAP information in an appendix. 5.3 Results Combined by Sector and Source The following figures show the source of GHG emissions by the four primary activity sectors for 2005. Understanding the relationship between different economic sectors and their individual sources of GHG emissions will help in developing emissions reduction strategies. The following figures show the source of GHG emissions by economic sectors for 2005. (Solid waste was treated in the ICLEI model as a separate GHG emissions source, and is not included below as it was shown as reducing overall Community GHG emissions.) In the residential sector, natural gas is the predominant GHG source, accounting for 83% of residential GHG emissions. (Figure 9a) Electricity is a distant second, at only 15% of residential emissions. (Note that the total energy consumed is different from the GHG emissions due to these energy sources. Natural gas accounts for just under 60% of residential energy consumption, while electricity amounts to about 40% of total residential energy consumption.) The relatively low amount of residential GHG emissions from reflects EWEB’s relatively clean power sources. Light fuel oil and wood are minor sources of residential GHG emissions. Residential light fuel oil use has decreased since 1990 due to switching to electricity or natural gas, and the proportion of GHG due to fuel oil is expected to decline further in the future. The source of GHG emissions for the commercial sector is very similar to the residential sector, with natural gas at 83% of total commercial GHG emissions. (Figure 9b) Electrical consumption accounts for 17% of GHG emissions, and fuel oil less than 1% of commercial emissions. 11 Fig. 9a - Residentialsector 2005Fig. 9b - CommercialSector 2005 Electricity Electricity 15% Fuelwood17% (Air Dry) Light 1% FuelOil Light 0% FuelOil 1% NaturalGasNaturalGas 83%83% The emissions profile of the industrial sector is almost evenly split between natural gas and electricity. (Figure 9c) Since electricity has a much lower level of emissions per unit, this means that the predominant source of energy for the industrial sector is electricity. Electrical use in the industrial sector is almost twice the use of natural gas, which helps keep the GHG emissions from the industrial sector relatively low. In the transportation sector, the sources of GHG emissions are gasoline and diesel fuel, with gasoline accounting for about 80% of the transportation sector’s total GHG emissions. (Figure 9d) Fig. 9c - IndustrialSector 2005Fig. 9d - TransportationSector 2005 Diesel 21% Electricity 48% NaturalGas 52% Gasoline 79% 6. Putting it All Together Understanding the overall mix of Eugene’s greenhouse gas emissions provides information on the relative importance of different activities as sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Knowing the specific sources and activities related to GHG emissions in the community will establish a basis for selecting emissions reduction strategies. Figure 10 below shows the composition of Eugene’s greenhouse gas emissions by activity sector and energy source. 12 The transportation sector’s use of gasoline and diesel fuels dominates the current GHG emissions signature of Eugene. The next highest contributions to Eugene’s emissions are the residential and commercial use of natural gas. These four components will need to be a major focus of GHG reduction strategies for significant reduction to occur in the overall level of GHG emissions in Eugene. Given the extremely low impact of electricity on Eugene’s GHG footprint, it will be challenging, but important, to maintain the low emissions levels related to electrical generation as demand for electricity increases or if use of electrical energy instead of other forms of energy is encouraged as a strategy. Figure10-2005EugeneCommunity-Wide CO2EmissionsbyEconomicSectorand FuelSource Residential Residential NaturalGas, Electricity,3% 18% Commercial Electricity,3% Transportation Gasoline,40% Commercial NaturalGas, 14% Industrial Electricity,5% Transportation Diesel,11% Industrial AllOther NaturalGas, Sources,1% 5% 13 7. Context for Setting Targets Targets for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions typically include both a timeline and a volume goal. This analysis has assumed a target year of 2020. Setting the target for a reduction in the volume of greenhouse gas emissions will be the next step in Eugene’s Climate Action Plan. The following table shows three possible targets, the level of GHG emissions required to meet each level and the impact on annual per capita tons of CO2 emissions. Table 1 – Potential 2020 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets for Eugene Total Eugene % Reduction in Per Capita CO2 Target GHG tonnes/yr total GHG emissions tonnes/year Business as Usual 1,528,199 No reduction 8.8 Meet 1990 Levels 911,964 40% 5.2 Kyoto Protocol (7%<1990) 848,127 45% 4.9 Governor’s Task force (10% < 1990) 820,768 46% 4.7 As noted earlier, any goal to reduce GHG emissions below 1990 levels must not only reduce current emissions, but avoid all additional GHG emissions resulting from population growth. Due to the cumulative impact of population growth on total emissions, reducing total emissions from current levels will require a large change in per capita emissions in the future. For example, reducing total community emissions to 1990 levels would require a reduction in per capita emission of 40% by 2020. Meeting the Governor’s Advisory Group on Global Warming target of 10% below 1990 levels by 2020 would result in cutting per capita emissions by nearly 50%. Figure 11 below graphically represents the impact of these possible emissions reduction targets on both the total volume of emissions, and on the per capita level of GHG emissions, based on the projected population growth from 2005 to 2020. The need for a large reduction in personal GHG emissions is not immediately obvious, as the 1990 per capital level of GHG emissions of 8.1 tonnes per capita in only about 6% lower than the actual 2005 level of 8.6 tonnes per capita. However, population growth since 1990 has increased the total volume of greenhouse gases by a much higher proportion. As GHG reduction targets are typically expressed in terms of reductions in total emissions, the per capita impact is magnified. 14 8. Other Considerations This analysis is based on the GHG emissions due to activities within the community. As noted earlier, the “upstream” energy required to both manufacture and transport consumer goods made outside the community, but consumed within Eugene, are not included in this inventory. While reductions in consumer goods transported over long distances could reduce GHG emissions elsewhere, this would not be reflected as a reduction of GHG emissions within Eugene in the current inventory methodology. Although reducing consumption of imported goods and increased recycling of consumer waste are not directly measured within this “community” GHG emissions inventory, strategies encouraging purchasing goods with recycled content, buying locally, and reducing packaging in consumer goods still have environmental benefits on a wider scale. The scope of this inventory focuses on community-wide levels and sources of greenhouse gas emissions from different economic sectors and fuel sources. However, there are a number of other factors that could be considered when establishing greenhouse gas reduction targets and action strategies. For example, fuel sources vary in their emission of other pollutants - such as nitrogen and sulfur compounds - and the release of airborne particulates that have negative 15 environmental impacts. Awareness of these other factors when designing GHG reduction strategies will help avoid unintended environmental consequences. The broader social and economic, as well as environmental, impacts of GHG reduction strategies need to be considered to develop a truly sustainable climate action plan. 9. Strategic Implications Determining achievable targets and effective strategies are the next steps in Eugene’s Climate Action Plan. The task of reducing emissions is made more difficult by the excellent emissions signature of our power. It is critical to maintain the benefit of clean power, which has kept total community emissions and per capita emission relatively low. Maintaining excellent methane recovery systems is essential to prevent increased GHG emissions. Growth in natural gas use is a key issue, in part due to its proportionate increase as an energy source. Conservation remains one of the most direct and cost-effective methods to reduce GHG. Transportation must be a major focus to accomplish a large-scale reduction in community-wide emissions levels. Strategies that address both sectors and sources must be employed. Broader environmental, economic and social impacts of strategies, in addition to GHG reduction, should be considered. 10. Recommended Next Steps to Develop a Community Climate Action Plan Sign on to the Cities for Climate Protection Resolution Define the roles for governing bodies and staff groups Set Targets Identify balance between mitigation measures and adaptation planning Identify strategies and reductions to implement Identify and commit financial resources to implement climate change action. 11. References for further information The Pew Center on Global Climate Change http://www.pewclimate.org/ Oregon Governor’s Initiative on Global Warming http://www.oregon.gov/ENERGY/GBLWRM/ ICLEI: Local Governments for Sustainability http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=391 16 Appendix 1: Data Sources and Detailed Methodology by Emissions Source Electricity Electrical power within the boundaries of this inventory comes from two utilities, Eugene Water and Electric Board (EWEB) and Blachly-Lane Electric Cooperative. The majority of the area is served by EWEB, with the exception of a small wedge bisected by Hwy 99 south of Awbrey Lane. This area is comprised primarily of commercial and industrial enterprises and is served by Blachly-Lane Coop. Data for total electrical load by sector were obtained for 1990 and 2005. EWEB provided residential, commercial, industrial and water utility data. Blachly-Lane provided commercial and industrial data. Blachly-Lane has no significant residential load within the boundaries of the inventory. Load growth projections were obtained from each utility to estimate the total use of each sector in the target year. (Listed in summary of data inputs) CO2 emissions coefficients for EWEB power for 1990, 2005 and projection for 2020 were obtained from Jim Maloney, EWEB. CAP (criteria air pollutant) emissions coefficients were calculated based on the CCAP software coefficients multiplied by percent of the resource in EWEB’s mix and projected resource mix for each year. It should be noted that most community wide inventories use emissions coefficients which are standardized by NERC (North American Electricity Reliability Council) region. Because EWEB power is significantly cleaner than either the US or regional average, custom emissions coefficients were calculated and entered in the software. The table below compares the EWEB coefficients to the regional and national standards. Comparison of Emissions Coefficients (in lbs/MWh) Region Year CO2N2OCH4NoxSox COVOCPM10 EWEB Electricity 1990 71.2800.0000.0030.0730.155 0.004 0.0010.009 EWEB Electricity 2005 96.6000.0000.0040.0950.175 0.009 0.0020.010 EWEB Electricity-projected 2020 96.6000.0000.0040.0930.169 0.010 0.0020.010 NW Grid-WSCC/NWP 1990 969.4580.0780.0591.7741.640 0.575 0.0660.544 NW Grid-WSCC/NWP 2005 1035.5730.0750.0581.3471.353 0.599 0.0670.521 NW Grid-WSCC/NWP--proj 2020 967.4640.0620.0551.0781.019 0.661 0.0720.426 USA total 1990 1478.6130.0210.0203.5858.194 0.216 0.0260.149 USA total 2005 1491.5860.0210.0192.4615.486 0.218 0.0250.144 USA total--projected 2020 1437.7200.0190.0192.0154.068 0.246 0.0270.126 Sources for this information: Joe McFadden, Manager Member Services, Blachly-Lane Electric Tom Williams, Major Accounts, EWEB Jim Maloney, Resource Project Manager, EWEB. 17 Natural Gas Northwest Natural supplies the Eugene/Springfield area with natural gas through the North and South Eugene gates. Information for total annual therm use for both gates from 1990 to 2005 was provided. Northwest Natural also provided estimates of the percent of total used by Eugene proper and the percent of use between the three sectors within Eugene, residential, commercial and industrial. Estimates were calculated by first applying the Eugene area percent of use and then the sector split proportions. This information is summarized in the table below. Eugene UGB Natural Gas Consumption-Annual Therms % Sector split1990 1990 2005 2005 EugeneEugene Total only Total only all therms 80% all therms 80% 62,000,000 49,600,000 103,002,500 82,402,000 Residential 50% 24,800,000 41,201,000 Commercial 35% 17,360,000 28,840,700 Industrial 15% 7,440,000 12,360,300 Projected growth in natural gas use in was obtained from the Northwest Natural Gas 2004 Integrated Resource Plan, Volume III, Technical Appendix. The results of NWN Gas planning process were presented in aggregate for the state of Oregon. The average of the 10 and 20 year projections for the “medium” growth scenario was 1.75%. This annual growth projection was used in the ICLEI model. Sources for this information: Doug Tilgner, Manager of System Operations, Gas Supply Dept, NW Natural Jean-Marc Ohlmann, System Design Engineer, NW Natural. Steam EWEB provides district steam to 94 commercial customers, at the time of this report, in the downtown and university areas. Steam is now produced at EWEB’s riverfront plant by burning natural gas and occasionally, light fuel oil. In 1990 the fuel for producing steam was hogged wood fuel and heavy fuel oil. Steam is distributed through a network of underground piping. The City of Eugene has 6 buildings in the downtown core that use steam for space and water heating. EWEB initially furnished information on the total annual measured consumption of the steam system in 1990 and 2005. However, figures were not available that described the overall emissions signature of EWEB steam, taking into account the mix of fuel and the efficiency of the delivery system. Figures were available, however, for the total fuel input to the steam system. 18 Since emissions coefficients were available for the fuels used and efficiency was no longer an issue upstream of the production and distribution of the steam, the input fuel was entered directly into the CCAP software for 1990 and 2005. Projecting the future use of the steam system in Eugene in 2020 proved to be a difficult task. Customers have been dropping off the EWEB steam system causing a cycle of rising cost and further loss of load. EWEB is forecasting a 10% decrease in steam sales over the next 2 years but were not able to forecast beyond. In most cases, customers pulling off the steam system will shift to natural gas for water and space heating needs. For the purposes of this inventory, the decrease in steam was shifted to natural gas use at the rate of 5% per year for the next 2 years, as projected by EWEB, and held steady from 2007 to 2020. Future updates of this inventory will adjust for the status and best known projections of the steam system at that point in time. Sources for this information: Tom Williams, Major Accounts, EWEB. Household Fuelwood The quantity of wood burned in Eugene was estimated using data from the US Census Bureau’s American Community Survey for 1990 and 2005. The survey provides an estimate for the total number of households using wood as a heating fuel in the metropolitan area. Splitting out the number of households by Eugene’s share of the metro area population and multiplying by a statewide average annual household wood use gave us the figures that were used in this inventory. Average annual household wood use was obtained from the Oregon Department of Energy. Projections for use of household fuelwood were estimated to remain at current levels. While the trend from 1990 to 2005, and anecdotal evidence from new building permits suggests that wood use is declining, increases in the cost of home heating fuel may counteract the trend. Sources for this information: US Census Bureau, 2005 American Community Survey http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_submenuId=&_lang=en&_ts= House Heating Fuel by Metropolitan Area: 1990, Congressional Information Service from U of O Knight Library archive Oregon Department of Energy, “Residential Biomass” PPT presentation Keli Osborne, Permit Review Manager, Planning and Development, City of Eugene. Fuel Oil Estimates from US Census Bureau’s American Community Survey for 1990 and 2005 were again used to derive the number of Eugene households using fuel oil. Average annual Oregon Petroleum Association household use in Oregon came from figure of 290 gallons of 19 heating oil per year. Multiplying the two together gave us the estimate for light fuel oil use in the community. Additionally, EWEB uses a small amount of fuel oil to generate steam. These figures came directly from EWEB. Sources for this information: US Census Bureau, 2005 American Community Survey http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=ACS&_submenuId=&_lang=en&_ts= House Heating Fuel by Metropolitan Area: 1990, Congressional Information Service from U of O Knight Library archive Oregon Petroleum Association, quoted in “Winter Forecast Cozy for Home Heating Oil”, The Oregonian, October 19, 2006. Tom Williams, Major Accounts, EWEB. Transportation Information for transportation impacts was gathered from LCOG (Lane Council of Governments). The information does not include the impacts of traffic on I-5, since Eugene can not expect that local policies would have any affect on I-5 traffic. Input into the CACP software required VMT (Vehicle Miles Traveled) and the distribution of those by vehicle type. VMT was obtained by using the daily VMT as determined by the 2002 Regional Transportation Model completed by LCOG and splitting out the Eugene portion by percent of Eugene/Springfield population. The Eugene-only daily VMT was then backcasted for 1990 and extrapolated for 2005 using the average annual change in VMT from the Urban Mobility report as completed by the Texas Transportation Institute. Estimated 1990 and 2005 daily VMT figures were multiplied by 330, as recommended by the CCP protocol, to account for daily variation in traffic volume on weekend and holidays. This method was suggested and results reviewed by Susan Payne, LCOG. LCOG projects growth in internal Eugene VMT to be 1.27% per year. Compounded over the expected to be 24%. next 15 years the total growth in VMT is VMT distribution by vehicle types were calculated by LCOG using the EPA Mobile 6 modeling protocol. Unfortunately the Mobile 6 model does not classify passenger vehicles by size. This made it necessary to combine all passenger vehicles, including light duty trucks and SUV’s into a single classification for entry into the CCP software. When the combined passenger vehicle category is used, the CCP software uses a passenger vehicle fleet average mpg figure to calculate fuel use and thus, CO2 emissions. This average increased slightly from 16.1 mpg in 1990 to 17.7mpg in 2005, and is projected, under a business-as-usual scenario to increase to 18.4 mpg by 2020. VMT distribution used for all three years modeled is shown in the chart below. As noted earlier, we are aware that 1990 emissions are most likely overestimated to some extent because they are based on the best available, but limited, VMT distribution data. 20 VMT Distribution per Mobile6 Model LCOG to CCAP Software Category Mobile6 Category CCAP Category LDGV46.55%Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles( Psgnr Cars) Passenger Vehicle-Gas 86.73% LDGT1-2 29.07%Light Duty Gasoline Trucks( <6000lbs gvw) Passenger Vehicle-Gas LDGT3-4 11.11%Light Duty Gasoline Trucks( >6000lbs gvw) Passenger Vehicle-Gas HDGV 4.17% Heavy Duty Gasoline Vehicles Heavy Truck-Gas 4.17% LDDV0.15%Light Duty Diesel Vehicles Passenger Vehicle-Dsl 0.35% LDDT0.20%Light Duty Diesel Trucks Passenger Vehicle-Dsl HDDV 8.23% Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles Heavy Truck-Diesel 8.23% MC0.52%MotorcyclesMotorcycles-Gas 0.52% 100.00% 100.00% Sources for this information: Susan Payne, Senior Planner, Lane Council of Governments OR DMV fleet composition for Eugene, 2002 Regional Transportation Model, o EPA Mobile 6 modeling Texas Transportation Institute, Urban Mobility Report 1982-2003. Solid Waste Eugene is fortunate to have a community level solid waste and recycling program. Data was available through this program for residential and commercial solid waste in tons for 1990 and 2005. Additionally, solid waste program estimates indicate that there may be from 10 to 20% more solid waste generated by “self-haulers” than is captured in the data. Solid waste volumes were adjusted upwards by 10% to account for this. The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality regularly conducts Waste Characterization and Composition studies. The most recent report available was done in 2002 and also contains information from previous studies in 1992-93. The 2002 DEQ data was compiled specifically for Eugene and was used in the model for 2005 figures. Earlier data specific to Eugene was not available. Comparison of the DEQ data showed that the 1992-93 data for the “rest of Oregon” showed a similar profile to Eugene data. This data was used for the 1990 inventory. (See appendix #2 for actual figures used in the CACP model). There is some difference of opinion about methane recovery rates at Oregon landfills. OR DEQ reports that attempts to measure actual methane recovery have reported rates of about 42% at the Short Mountain facility, while professional opinion based on the fact that Short Mountain is a state of the art facility, estimate a recovery rate of 80%. The CACP model was run with both methane recovery rates. In both cases the GHG impact was negative. The 80% recovery rate was used in the model to maintain consistency with the state-level inventory. Sources for this information: Alex Cuyler and Nancy Young, Solid Waste and Recycling Analysts, City of Eugene Dave Allaway, OR Dept of Environmental Quality Pete Spendelow, OR Dept of Environmental Quality. 21 Appendix 2: Summary of Data Inputs to CACP software Annual Growth Projections 19902005to 2020 EWEB (kwh) Residential 958,057,848960,623,4601.06% Commercial 533,748,372 740,774,729 1.06% Industrial355,832,248 493,849,820 1.06% Blachly-Lane Coop (kwh) Commercial7,314,575 8,838,538 1.06% Industrial69,680,949 84,198,701 1.06% Northwest Natural Gas (therms) Residential24,800,000 41,201,000 1.75% Commercial17,360,000 28,840,700 1.75% Industrial7,440,000 12,360,300 1.75% 2020 Commercial also includes 10% fuel switch from Steam, with efficiency factor. EWEB steam (fuel units) Commercial units hog fuel 41,468 3,479,000 therms -10% gal light gal heavy oil 66,23422,584oil -10% Household Firewood (cords) 20,51811,292 0% Household Fuel Oil (gallons) 907,475 371,588 -60% VMT (millions of miles per year) 828.46925.22 1.27% Waste disposed (tons) Residential40,70024,974 2.56% Commercial64,90080,906 Waste Composition Estimates 1992-93 2002 "Rest of Oregon" Eugene only Paper29.51%21.99% Food Waste 17.55%15.31% Plant Debris 9.42%6.02% Wood/Textiles 9.51%18.10% All other34.01%38.58% 22 ß°°»²¼·¨ ç ì ú íðóùãûùñõêíçîø óÎ ÈÔ× ÅÓÎÈ×Ê ÍÖ ÓÎ Ê×ÉÌÍÎÉ× ÈÍ Ê×ÙÍÏÏ×ÎØÛÈÓÍÎÉ ÖÊÍÏ ÷ÇÕ×Î×ªÉ éÇÉÈÛÓÎÛÚÓÐÓÈà ùÍÏÏÓÉÉÓÍÎ ÈÔ× ÷ÇÕ×Î× ùÓÈà ùÍÇÎÙÓÐ ÛØÍÌÈ×Ø ÈÔ× ÖÍÐÐÍÅÓÎÕ ØÓÊ×ÙÈÓÆ× óÎ ÙÍÎÒÇÎÙÈÓÍÎ ÅÓÈÔ Û ÅÓØ× ÆÛÊÓ×Èà ÍÖ ÙÍÏÏÇÎÓÈà ÌÛÊÈÎ×ÊÉ Úà ûÇÕÇÉÈ Ø×Æ×ÐÍÌ Û ÙÍÏÏÇÎÓÈà ÙÐÓÏÛÈ× ÛÎØ ×Î×ÊÕà ÛÙÈÓÍÎ ÌÐÛÎ ÈÔÛÈ ÅÓÐÐ Ê×ØÇÙ× ÕÊ××ÎÔÍÇÉ× ÕÛÉ ×ÏÓÉÉÓÍÎÉ ÛÎØ Ê×ØÇÙ× ÈÍÈÛÐ ÙÇÊÊ×ÎÈ ÙÍÏÏÇÎÓÈÃÅÓØ× ÖÍÉÉÓÐ ÖÇ×Ð ÙÍÎÉÇÏÌÈÓÍÎ Ì×ÊÙ×ÎÈ Úà ÛÉ ÛÎ ÛÚÉÍÐÇÈ× ÎÍÈ Û Ì×Ê ÙÛÌÓÈÛ Ê×ØÇÙÈÓÍÎ Úà ÷ÉÈÛÚÐÓÉÔÓÎÕ Û 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